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With the Coinplimehts of the Agricultural Review. 



11. Reall, Editor and Publisher, 32 Park Row. •■ World Building," New York. 



THE 



CATTLE INDUSTRIES 



-OF THE- 



UNITED STATES, 

By HOIST. J. B. GRINNELL 



DAIETING 



X 



DAIEY IMPEO YEMEN TS, 

By J. H. RE^VLL. 



Reprinted from the Aoriculural Review and Journal of the American Agricul- 
tural Association, Edited and Published by Jos. H. Reall, Secretary of u 
sociation, 3'2 Park Row, "World Building," New York. Published quarterly at 
$3.00 per year. Pronounced by the press and the highest individual authority, 
the best and most valuable practical Magazine published. 



The Cycle Ensilage & Fodder Cutter. 

M A N CFAt'I URKD BY 

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By traii 



SUBSCRIBE FOR 

The Agricultural Review 

AND JOURNAL OF THE 

American Agricultural Association. 

A Quarterly Magazine of 150 pages, devoted to Agriculture, and containing the ablest 
and best articles by the first writers in America and Europe. 

Its publication was begun in the Spring of 1881, by the American Agricultural 
Association — an organization embracing within its membership leading men in 
agriculture and kindred pursuits, and whose object is the promotion of agriculture 
in all its branches in all sections through the dissemination of the best information, 
and.by National Exhibitions of the products of the soil. The Agricultural Review, 
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The contributors to the Agricultural Review comprise the best talent, includ- 
ing prominent and successful experimenters and practical and scientific experts of 
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are Sir J. B. Lawes, LL.D., F.R.S., of England ; Rear- Admiral Daniel Ammen, U. S. 
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Lewis Sturtevant ; Prof. James Law ; Hon. Edward Atkinson ; Dr. John A. 
Warder ; Prof. J. P.Stelle ; Prof. R. C. Kedzie ; Prof. E. W. Hilgard ; Prof. W. O. 
Atwarer ;]Prof. J. M. McBryde ; Hon. T. Bowick, of England ; Prof. A. E. Blount ; 
Henry F. Moore, Esq., of England ; Dr. Lareleye, Belgium ; Col. J. H. Moore ; Col. 
Geo. E. Waring, Jr.;~Gen. Francis A. Walker ; T. Bowick, Esq., Bedford, England ; 

and others. 

Address, 

JOS. H. REAKL, Editor and Publisher, 

19 University Place, New York. 



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1 send the balance of the numbers for this year free, beginning 

<» mber, published August 15, and including the October number, 

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"iriends. 



The Aug. number of the Agricultural Review and Journal of the 
American Agricultural Association, published August 15, 1882, contains 
the following, among other articles : 

AMERICAN AGRICULTURE, By Gen. Francis A. Walker, late Superintendent 
of the Census. 

BURR OAKS FORTY THOUSAND ACRE FARM, By J. H. R. 

THE COMPOSITION OF GRASSES AT THEIR VARIOUS PERIODS OF DE- 
VELOPMENT, By Clifford Richardson, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. 

THE RAILROAD AND THE FARMER, NUMBER TWO, By Hon. Edward 
Atkinson, of Boston, Mass. 

DAIRYING AND DAIRY IMPROVEMENTS, By J. H. R. 

SEED GRAIN.— BARLEY, By T. Bowick, Esq., Bedford, England. 

THE SOUTH AS A STOCK COUNTRY, By Col. J. H. Moore, Oakley,. 

Arkansas. 
NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, By J. H. R. 
SYSTEMS OF LAND TENURE, By Dr. E. Lareleye, Leige, Belgium. 
CORN AND WHEAT, By Prof. A. E. Blount, Colorado Agricultural College. 
THE SOUTH FOR EMIGRANTS, By A. Pope, Esq., Richmond, Va. 

FERRYCLIFFE FARM AND ITS HERD, By Col. Geo. E. Waring, Jr., New- 
port, R. I. 
REMINGTON AND FERNWOOD FARMS, By J. H. R. 
EDITORIALS, ETC., ETC. 



The November number will contain among others, the following articles : 

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S EXHIBITION OF 1882, AT READ- 
ING, ENGLAND, By Henry F. Moore, Esq., Frome, Somerset, England. 

FEEDING CALVES, By T. Bowick, Esq. 

FREE TRADE, By Henry J. Pillfott, Esq. 

COL. J. W. WOLCOTT'S BLUE HILL FARM. 

THE STORRS AGRICULTURAL SCHOOL, and the principal papers read at the 

Annual Meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural 

Montreal, together with other valuable articles. 



read at the > 
ral SciencJm 

■ 



PBESS OPINIONS. 



The farmers and cattle breeders of the coun- 
try may well congratulate themselves that they 
have at last a well edited magazine to maintain 
the?r rights, educate their understandings and 
promote their interests. -Boston Herald. 

Is the best paper published-PA oeni* (N. Y.) 
Register. 

It is national in the scope of its contents and 
deserves to be national in its circulation.-^n- 
cultural Epitomist, Pa. 

Cannot fail to be one of the most useful agri- 
CI dSpublication8.-Jfarif*me (N. B.) Farmer. 

The present is not only a highly .creditable issue 
* * but will be found of great interest to Eng- 
lish no less than to American readers— Agricul- 
tural Journal, London, England. 

It is a journal of wonderful interest, and no pro- 
gressive farmer's library can be complete with- 
out it.— Empire State Agriculturist. 

It is a book of nearly 200 pages filled with mat- 
ter of the greatest interest to agriculturists. - 
Naples (N. Y.) Record. 

Contains within its 200 pages a valuable array 
of papers addresses and discussions.- Spring- 
field Republican. 

We commend the Review to the farmers and 
planters of this section.— Memphis Appeal. 

Bids fair to take a high rank.-Seerf Time and 
Harvest. 

The Supplement of the January number of the 
Agricultural Review is the best issue of that 
Valuable Journal yet published.-St. Paul Pioneer 
Press. 

The Journal has at once become recognized as 
the highest authority on agricultural topics in 
the world, and the most interesting and valuable 
uublication issued in that interest, besides being 
a magazine of the utmost value to all classes, in- 
cluding the merchant, banker, manufacturer and 
aU practical thinking men. It is beautifully 
printed on excellent paper, and is in all respects, 
including the matter, arrangement, typography 
press-work and binding, a first-class boot, it 
should be on every farmer's table this winter.— 
The Evening Journal, Jersey City, N. J. 



Its articles are of a very high order, several of 
the most advanced scholars of the age being em- 
braced in its list of contributors.— Commercial 
Advertiser, Canton, Ohio, Dec. 1st. 

It will certainly rank amongst the most useful 
contributions to the agricultural literature of 
this country. * * * * * * * * * * * 
There are papers from more than a score of the 
leading scientists of this country. The subjects 
discussed are all live ones, of paramount import- 
ance, and embrace nearly the entire field of agri- 
cultural investigation and thought We have 
perused several of the papers and find the sub- 
jects ably handled, there being less of the dull 
and prosy and more of vitality and interest than 
is usual in papers on similar subjects. They 
have the rare merit of brevity and perspicacity 
combined. Ohio Farmer. 

* * * * It is without question a credit to 
the agricultural literature of this country.— The 
Pacific Rural Press, San Francisco, Cat. 



This Journal is by all odds the most useful 
agricultural journal in the world.— The gazette, 
St. Joseph, Mo, 

* * * * It promises to be of great interest 
to all intelligent farmers, and all who care for 
progressive agriculture in the United States. 
It contains 150 pages of carefully prepared mat- 
ter relating directly and indirectly to agricul- 
tural interests, with scarcely a dull word in its 
thirtv-five addresses and papers. * * 
There is so much to interest readers in this num- 
ber that it is hard to select the papers which de- 
serve special notice. * * * * *-New Jork 
Evening Express. 



* * * * Its articles, prepared by a large 
number of eminent writers both in this country 
and Europe, have for the most part a bearing on 
practical agriculture, and are such as every in- 
telligent farmer will take pleasure in reading.— 
The Homestead, Springfield, Mass. 

The Journal of the American Agricultural As- 
sociation is the finest work of the kind we ever 
saw It is a model of neatness and elegance 
Its title page is exceedingly unique, and reflects 
credit upon the artist, printer and publishers. - 
Albany (N. Y.) Evening Post. 



* * * * It is not merely a handsome pam- 
Dhlet • it is a valuable document, crammed with 
information which ought to be in the possession 
of every farmer in the land.-rfce Democrat, 
Providence, R. I. 

It is a publication of great value to every one 
interested in agriculture Its objects are not at 
all local but cover the whole country with all its 
varied interests.-i^orida Press, St. Augustine, 
Florida. 

* * * * It is a treasury of scientific agricul- 
tural inf ormation.-£a;»ress, Sag Harbor, N. Y. 

* * * * It is filled with important and in- 
structive articles from some of the best known 
and ablest writers on agricultural topics in this 
country and Europe-practical as well as scien- 
tific men The production of the various cereals, 
beef , butter, cheese, and kindred topics, are ably 
Presented, and from the perusal of the same one 
?an gain a store of useful information -Elgin 
Advocate. 

* + * * it should be added to the library of 
every gardener and farmer in the country on 
account of the value of its contents. -Boston 
Morning Journal. 



THIRD ANNUAL 

JSfktioqkl Sgridultui-kl Coi}ver\tio:q, 



I'NIlKR THE AUSPICIES OF TUB 



American Agricultural Association 



New York, August 20, 1882. 

The American Agricultural Association will hold its Third Annual Convention 
at the Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, commencing Wednesday, December 15, 1882, 
and continuing three days. 

Addresses will be delivered, and papers read by the ablest and best known 
Agriculturists, Scientists, and public men of the country. Questions will be 
discussed relating to Agriculture and kindred topics. 

The Grand Pacific Hotel has the largest and best hall for Convention purposes 
in Chicago, and is the largest hotel west of the Alleghany Mountains. 

Reduced rati, of fare are expected from the different lines leading into 
Chicago, and it is designed that this shall be a worthy successor to the Convent i< 'lis 
already held by the Association, the first at the Metropolitan Hotel, N. Y., in 1879, 
and the second at the Grand Central, N. Y., February, ' 

Every farmer, and all interested in Agriculture are cordially invited to 
attend. 

Membership in the Association $8.00 per year, including the registration 
fee, and entitling each to free admission to the Association's proposed Exhibition. 
to be held next year, and to all its publications, including the Agricultural 
Review. 

Payments made now will lie good for next year 

Address the Secretary, 1!) University Place. New York. 

N. T. SPRAGUE, President, 
JOS. II. RECALL, Secretary. 



*'i< 



THE CATTLE INDUSTRIES OF THE UNITED STATES. 



BY HON. J. B. GRINNELL, 

Grinnell, Iowa. 



Our bovine animals are represented by one thousand two hundred mil- 
lions of dollars. Their shelters and the lands — meadow, pasture and grain- 
fields on which their food is grown — are worth two thousand millions of 
dollars; the annual production of butter, cheese and beef, proximately, nine 
hundred millions of dollars. Cognate and closely related to this great indus- 
try, there are essays on stock management, treatises on cattle diseases, special 
pleading for favorite breeds, florid general descriptions of lands in the mar- 
ket suitable for herds; but, so far as known, for the novitiate and general 
reader, there is no late and comprehensive discussion and statement as to 
this popular and profitable industry. I have waited in vain for one with 
more leisure than is allowed me to supply an urgent want, and now yield, 
with diffidence, to the earnest solicitations of those enthusiasts, like myself, 
whose valued friendship is less distrusted than their judgment. 

By way of preface; the writer may disclaim having breeds to champion, 
high-pedigreed animals for sale, lands or railway stock on the market, yet 
he is in sympathy and interest with the farmer; an owner of various breeds, 
and for many years an impartial student of values and adaptations. He is 
just returned from a trip of thousands of miles through the New West, of 
personal observation, and in search of the most eminent herdsmen from 
whom to gain facts, experiences and opinions worthy of public mention. 
Brave sons of farmers are restless on the limited area of the old home, not 
less than the ambitious and rich denizens of the crowded cities, and these it 
is my aim to inform by a multitude of counsellors in regard to a field of en- 
terprise allied to the romance of the frontier and a rational employment 
under the stimulus of promised competence. Grasses, climate, topography, 
and facts regarding adaptations of lands, transportation of beeves, and 
whatever is deemed of mutual interest to patrons of railways and those cor- 
porations, will be noticed. 

The Greek Aaxo — representing the bovine, and meaning " I increase " — 
had a significance not limited to early times, when the prosperity of individ- 
uals was indicated by the amount of cattle they possessed; hence the wor- 
ship of the golden calf at Sinai was natural, and pointed to that which was 
of value in the mind of the idolater. What less than a Christian aspiration 



6 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

is the desire of our enterprising farmers to be possessed of that in which 
the mirror of the best reflects both pleasure and profit in ownership. 

Oriental representation of wealth was in "much cattle." Job's fabulous 
thousand yoke of oxen has more than a parallel in individual ownership on 
our Western plains, where but a decade since the elk and the deer grazed 
unmolested. Now a single ranch loads a train of steers for the shambles, 
the animals often pausing on the way to be fattened by corn from the rich 
fields of Iowa and Illinois. A drive of ten thousand head from the West 
and South is not an uncommon affair. The cattle interest has kept even 
pace with the advancing civilization in the world's history, and more em- 
phatically so in our own country, where noble ambitions and princely for- 
tunes have been allied with the more humble devotees of improved stock 
and pure bloods. Railway extension has broadened the vision of the herds- 
man, who has recognized their utility, and the corporations themselves have 
a direct interest in the expansion and profits of our animal industry. An 
increased home consumption of beef, our proven ability to compete with 
profit in the markets of the world and to supply the demand, give high 
promise of stability and rational indulgence in great expectations. 

IOWA AND THE CENSUS, 

I may name with an apostrophe the proud mention of the State of my 
adoption. Unrivaled in substantial gains and a fitting example of pro- 
gress, she points the way for the ambitious and intelligent of other States, 
perchance inviting comparisons, whereby the truth may become more appa- 
rent. Older States have a history, written by their own children. Ours has 
not reached that eminence, being but a youthful member of the family of 
States. Nor have her citizens been able to compete for the best animals and 
purest bloods, but they are entering upon a new era befitting a State 35 years 
in the Union, when the true confession is — a paradise of financial medioc- 
rities, meaning none sordidly rich and few wretchedly poor. Neither the 
South nor the East supply their own demand for butter and beef. King 
Cotton reigns in one section; the artisan and the forge and the loom in the 
other, promoting natural and profitable exchanges — meat for capital and 
skill, bread for brawned labor. 

The Empire State, so long a model in diversified industries, and holding 
a proud pre-eminence in the making of butter and growth of bullocks, now 
resigns her honors with the graces of a true brother, combining the gravity 
of age with the consideration of a father. The gain of New York, with all 
the inducements of high prices in goods and animals in the last decade, was 
six per cent., while that of Iowa was 131 per cent., and in numbers she is 
only exceeded by Texas, while in values exceeding any of the States. And 
this from what small beginnings, and under circumstances how adverse. Go 
back 42 years. Our cattle were, in round numbers, 38,000, or near one animal 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 7 

to each 1,000 acres of our area. In 1S50, 136,000; in i860, 630,000; in 1870, 
869,000; and in 1882 not less than 2,000,000. The appreciation in values 
has been in a higher ratio than that of numbers, there being many herds of 
an average value of $100 each, and single animals worth thousands. Forty 
years ago there was not a farm stocked with blue grass nor a well-seeded 
meadow, the early settlers being still under a delusion that this was no grass 
country. The western portion of the State was not sectionized, and by 
Congressional legislation one-third of our present area was deemed unin- 
habitable by our race, and resigned to the red man as his future hunting 
ground. This tract embraces an agricultural district where there are now 
cultivated farms, princely breeders, prosperous towns and populous cities. 
The cattle were scrubs, and the idea of good butter from prairie grass was 
not entertained. Railways were so remote that corn-fed cattle would shrink 
to lean stockers while driven to precarious markets, by way of the lakes to 
Buffalo, or the Mississippi to New Orleans. 

Even now not one-half of Iowa's 35,000,000 acres are utilized, and the 
eminent adaptation of its soils to nutritious grasses is not widely known, 
except in the older sections, where close feeding has supplanted the native 
grasses, and clover and timothy seemed rooted to stay. By common con- 
sent of those conversant with the excellence of our beeves and the quality 
of our creamery butter, where pure and abundant water is the rule, this 
young State, now to the front, cannot be surpassed if our lands are reclaimed 
by drainage, and there is a study of the adaptation of breeds and a resort to 
those methods which secure the best results in the dairy. In this connection 
I cannot fail to mention the enthusiasm of Col. R. M. Litler, an officer of 
the National Dairymen's Association, who, in and out of season, has stim- 
ulated our dairy interests. He gives the number of Iowa creameries as 500, 
the annual product of butter at 85,000,000 pounds, which, at 25 cents per 
pound, is equal to $21,000,000, one-half of which is exported, leaving a rev- 
enue of over $10,000,000 for our butter alone, to which may be added from 
$2,000,000 to $3,000,000 from cheese exported. The relative increase of 
other States in dairy products is in this order: Minnesota, 121 per cent.; 
Wisconsin, 55 per cent.; Illinois, 35 per cent.; and, measured by the product 
of $35 from a cow, those in Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois ^earned 
the last year the fabulous sum of $100,000,000. The pre-eminence of Iowa 
in her cattle industry and dairy products invites the mention of other States, 
like Kansas and Missouri, where there are the favoring conditions of 
climate and soil, and prepares the way for history, facts and experiences of 
residents of States and Territories which have recently been visited by the 
writer. 

HISTORICAL. 

It is not mere tradition that the cow came over in the Mayflower. We 
have not a record of her blood, but she has ever been linked with the 



8 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

healthful rearing of children, and we cannot doubt they were famous 
milkers. In 1610 four cows and a bull were, after a long and dangerous 
passage by sailing vessel, landed in Virginia from Ireland. These were the 
first domestic animals seen in America, which was but 12 years before the Pil- 
grim Fathers touched Plymouth Rock, and two years after their landing there 
was an importation. From 1631 to 1634 Captain John Mason imported 
from Denmark into New Hampshire the animals which laid (according 
to Mr. Charles L. Flint, a high authority) the foundation of the native 
stock of New England. Our fathers were too much engrossed with the fell- 
ing of trees, guarding against the savage, erecting schoolhouses, and ward- 
ing off cold and hunger, to give good care to the stock, which was doomed 
to degeneration in these Western wilds. It lost most of its title to high 
blood, if early values and descriptions are to be ci edited. Ours was an 
uneven race, for at that period in the Old World those bloods, since famous 
in this country, were better fed and sheltered than the poor herdsmen. Sir 
Hugh Smythson and his compeers claim that, at the settlement of James- 
town and Plymouth, the Bates stock had royal care; that the best we have 
has an unquestioned pedigree for nearly 300 years, and that only by impor- 
tations did our stock show improvement. Youatt's work may be consulted 
by the curious, and our devotees of bloods, and breeders inheriting the 
enthusiasm of their British ancestors, will resort to the Herd Book for details 
and facts we may not incorporate here. 

Colonial agriculture made an early effort for the increase of cattle — as it 
it meant home-made shoes, butter and beef; the two latter, as articles of food, 
then accounted luxuries. Oxen were bred for activity and strength, and were 
of more utility in clearing forests than horses, and on meeting with a casualty 
among stumps could with economy be utilized as beef. It is the common 
opinion that the Devons predominated in our early history, combining hardi- 
hood and good milking qualities. When matched for the yoke they were fast 
walkers, and it was an incident of the early times, even as late as a hundred 
years agone, that wedding trips were made by New England pioneers North 
on sleds drawn by oxen. The first boast of the farmer and the largest repre- 
sentation of personal property was in his cattle, and from the Genesee Valley 
of New York to Northern Ohio and the West, no farmer is deemed to have 
been successful if not owning a herd or a number of cattle proportioned to 
his acres, and suited to the pail and the shambles. 

Let me not enter the lists for a part in a discussion of the merits of 
distinctive breeds, but rather present those facts not within the reach of the 
general reader, and the rare instances of devotion to the bovine races which 
is at once creditable to the judgment and an index of professional pride. 
William, Prince of Orange, received a marriage present of cattle from his 
father, and it was a high token of nobility then to own an animal in a royal 
line — and they were the finest decorated walls where a portrait of a bullock 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 9 

was hung in the best style of art. Lands too low or barren for rich pasturage 
held only a second rank; hence the boast of rulers of numerous herds, and 
those of unrivaled pedigree, when ornamenting a landscape view of the richest 
acres. 

Our ancestors naturally imbibed the spirit of the Old World, and when 
possessed of wealth it was often used to improve the stock (which had de- 
generated under our coarse fare) by judicious crossings. George the Third 
raised stock men to a peerage. The Collings brothers, Earl Spencer, Bates, 
Booth, Bakewell, Fawkes and others aspired to. and were worthy of equal 
honors. This foreign spirit was contagious. Our own Webster, after a visit 
to England, loved to smell the breath of oxen coming up sweetened from his 
salt marshes by the coast; Clay, " Gallant Harry of the West," never wearied 
in efforts to secure meritorious animals, which were his pride, importing three 
Herefords in 1817 at a cost of six hundred dollars, thus linking his name 
with eminent owners; and the late Brutus Clay, of Kentucky, a modest gen- 
tleman and a judicious breeder, and Cassius M. Clay, so high an authority 
that he was called to the platform as a lecturer in the Yale College Agricul- 
tural Course, whose language we may hereafter quote. I find Samuel Thorn, 
of New York, worthily mentioned as the bold purchaser of Short-horns, and 
the successful breeder who enjoyed the proud distinction of having first sent 
back to England improved stock which opened the eyes of princely breeders 
to the possibilities of this country. Morris, whose family is associated with 
our Revolutionary history, had previously joined his herd with that of Becar 
and fifty years ago laid the foundation of many noble herds. Latham and 
Corning of Albany, Vail of Troy, and societies formed in Ohio and Kentucky, 
made large purchases, conferring benefits on their brother stockmen which are 
beyond computation. Mr. R. A. Alexander, of Kentucky, and his family, 
should not be omitted from the roll of honor, as later purchases give full, 
evidence of forecast and pluck. Wadsworth of Geneseo, N. Y., Henry 
Llolmes of Greenwich, the Cornells of Ithaca, A. B. Allen of New York, L. 
F. Allen of Buffalo, Church, Angell, Campbell, and A. B. Conger of Haver- 
straw, the latter paying $29,800 for three animals at the celebrated sale of 
the Campbell herd at New York Mills in 1873, all did their part for the gen- 
eral good. 

In the Old World, Bates and Booth were the names which marshaled 
partisans under their respective chieftains, stirring blood not cooled during 
the lifetime of a generation. This lacks a perfect repetition in our history, 
yet brings us to the warm debates of the present era. At the fat stock and 
cattle shows in the West, where T. L. Miller of Beecher, 111., with his Here- 
fords, and J. D. Gillett of Elkhart, 111., with Short-horn beeves without regard 
to pedigree; and D. M. Moniger of Albion, Iowa, the breeder of the cele- 
brated Lexington and Short-horn cattle, which have won the best prizes — 
they and others contend for popular favor and medals, and whose favorites 
may be noticed in the later mention of distinctive breeds. 



10 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 



EXPERIENCES OF STOCKMEN IN THE WEST 

Opinions do not make facts; verities should be the basis of opinions and 
mold all philosophies. An expressed opinion has a value according to the 
standing of its author. Spontaneous opinions, devoid of the coloring of an 
interested buyer or seller in the world's great market of matter and mind, 
are most esteemed, and those of this prime quality I present, that " by the 
mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established." Facts 
from many States and Territories are hereafter incorporated, and, while they 
may not be in accord in details, nor alike full, yet are substantial and reli- 
able, from the simplicity of their authors, who were prompted by a single 
desire to impart information, and not from hope of reward. Names and 
the homes of herdsmen may open the way for correspondence — perchance a 
visit — resulting in a good investment, or embarking in an attractive indus- 
trial pursuit. 

In a journey from the Potomac to the Hudson, and westward for 1,800 
miles, in December, 1881, I kept an open eye for grazing stock. They were 
invisible, save as seen sunning in the enclosed barn-yards, until reaching 
the North Platte, Nebraska, 200 miles west from Omaha, at the longitudinal line 
which separates the prairie grasses killed by frosts from the region of bunch 
and buffalo grasses. This chosen pasture has in its low grounds a natural 
adaptation to meadow grass, and verdure, ripened by frosts, yet sweet and 
nutritious. The long, wide North Platte seemed a proper barrier to the 
herds from the north driven southward by storms, and the South Platte a 
restraint to all the stock found between the two rivers — neither stream 
fordable, except in the dryest seasons. Here is the palatial residence of the 
Hon. Guy Barton, and ample barns for his full-blooded Devons, with hun- 
dreds of tons of hay for an emergency, and large tracts of land fenced with 
wire. It was at this point I began my observations, and, being farther West 
than Horace Greeley 20 years before, was reminded of his diary, compared 
with mine, at the same distance West. Here is his record: 

" Topeka. — Beefsteaks and wash-bowls (other than tin) last visible. Bar- 
ber ditto. 

"Manhattan. — Potatoes and eggs last recognized among the blessings 
that 'brighten as they take their flight.' Chairs ditto. 

" [unction City. — Last visitation of a boot-black with dissolving views of 
a board bedroom. Beds bid us good-by." 

Mr. J. Kieth fed at North Platte, for Barton & Dillon, at Columbus, 400 
steers, which put on 350 lbs. in eight months, weighing from 1,050 to 1,150 
lbs. at three years. He estimates that there was a loss of 20 per cent, the 
last Winter for want of preparation for unusual storms. J. E. North & Co., 



By Hon. J. B. Gkinnell. 11 

Columbus, have 4,500 head 65 miles from the North Platte, and hold that 
they did not suffer a loss of over two per cent, in 1880. R. H. Henry has a 
ranch on Loupe Fork, 350 miles from Columbus, on which he keeps 4,000 head. 
He gives preference, from regard to safety and profit, to Texas stock as the 
foundation of a herd; has put up only ten tons of hay, not one feed for the 
entire herd. Mr. Henry drove 27,000 sheep from Oregon the last season, 
•costing in that locality $1.50 each, and is now feeding 15,000 head on corn 
for an Eastern market, with good results. 

Union P. O., Big Spring, Neb. — Mr. G. E. Thompson, from Washington 
Co., Pa., for many years the first county in the Union in sheep husbandry, has 
on his ranch here 3,000 sheep. They average eight pounds of wool each. 
The original stock was California ewes. He imports his bucks from Penn- 
sylvania, one of which shears 40 pounds of wool and only a twelve months' 
fleece. (This is the largest story I ever heard uttered by a credible witness.) 
The sheep are afflicted with scab, but no foot rot. Cattle dislike sheep-walks 
and they do not thrive well together. 

Wilton Creek, Nevada. — Hon. J. H. Hoppin I met as a passenger on a 
wedding trip westward. He went from New York to California, handled stock 
in Nevada ten years, drove herds of cattle from the Indian Territory and 
Texas to California and Nevada, thence on eastward to Wyoming and on to 
Montana. He says sage-brush land can be cleared off and become good 
grass land, raising fair crops often without irrigation. The drive east into 
Montana was 6,000 sheep in 1880, ewes and lambs, a distance of 700 miles. 
In 1881 he drove 5,000 head of wethers 1,200 miles and sold for mutton 
feeders at Laramie. Nevada is not so snowy as Wyoming, and one-fourth 
the land is good pasturage, with a fair supply of water. Mr. Hoppin says 
the census return is no full indication of the amount of stock in the West, 
.since most owners take the benefit of a doubt. The best stockmen put up 
hay, yet a lar^e proportion trust luck and sustain heavy losses, as in the year 
1879, yet not so large as in 1880. He keeps 2,000 head of cattle and 10,000 
sheep. A car of stock costs $100 from Laramie, and $200 from Nevada to 
Chicago, winch is a special rate. He has an Oregon ranch, where there is 
good water r»nd abundant grass. The drive from Nevada north-west is on 
the old California route through South Pass until the North Platte is reached. 
Oregon stock which does not go south will naturally come east on the Union 
Pacific Railroad at the Granger junction, and with profit will tarry in the 
Nebraska i>\ Iowa corn-fields to bring the top of the market. Cattle owners 
lost money in 1880, but made well in 1881. It is his estimate that 150,000 
sheep were driven east from Southern California, 75,000 from Northern Cali- 
fornia, and 80,000 wethers from Oregon and 'Washington Territory, in 1881. 
From 4.^00 to 10,000 were driven in each flock, at a cost of 25 cents each, 
and, crossing the desert of 70 miles, flocks kept their flesh on sage brush. Mr. 
H. put-up 700 or 800 tons of hay for reserve, encloses meadows, leaving the 



12 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

rest of the land open pasture, and holds that by a readiness for storms, wit 
hay and more care, there is greater profit. A division of herds will be foun 
in the end to be necessary. 

S. S. Chase, Esq.,U. S. Marshal for Idaho Territory, has a large person; 
knowledge of Idaho, Washington and Oregon east of the Cascades, an 
judges that Idaho has 15,000,000 acres first-class grazing land. Snake Riv< 
can be irrigated for a distance of 500 miles, and for 20 miles on either sic 
there is good water found by digging. The Solomon River Valley is one ( 
the best grazing sections in the world — hay unlimited. There was no los 
on Snake River by starvation in 1880. Between the mouth of Raft Riv< 
and Eagle Creek Bridge are 20,000 head of strange cattle, not includin 
10,000 head of local cattle. He reports that a Mr. Haas drove 120,000 hea 
of cattle from Oregon to the East, grazing at North Park on the Yellov 
stone, where good grass was abundant. Mr. J. H. Pincheon has a wic 
acquaintance and reports from Ogden, on the U. P. R. R., north for ic 
miles, good grass and water for irrigation, with a continuation of good qual 
ties up Snake River, then a sand country. Northward, crossing the Idah 
line, there is more grass and water, which improves westward on Solomc 
River. Fort Hall reservation has very fine pasturage. 

Utah. — C. Layton, elder of the Mormon Church, has a farm of 2,0c 
acres on the railway, 22 miles north of Salt Lake, crops 1,500 acres, an 
raised 24,000 bushels of wheat and barley — wheat 20 bushels to the acr 
He uses a header for harvesting; no irrigation; keeps 200 head of cattle 
the range and brings in beef in the Fall, leaving stockers out all "White 
These he gets in the Spring. He fed 100 head for Winter beef on lucerr 
hay, which grows two tons to the acre. Cattle bring $3 a hundred, gros 
and weigh 1,300 lbs. when three years old. He keeps 1,000 head of shee; 
which are kept out on the range and get a good living on white sage. M 
Layton bought railway lands at $3 to $5 an acre, which are now worth $3 
without irrigation. The land bare, or with bunch grass, will grow wheat. H 
was born in England; came here in 1842; has 50 in the family, includin 
children and grand-children; has four wives. The community does not san< 
tion the use or sale of intoxicating liquors. 

William Jennings, of Salt Lake, Superintendent of Zion's Co-operatii 
Mercantile Institution, has been in Utah 29 years; owns 2,500 head of catt 
in Salina, Southern Utah; has not seen them all for six years; sold the la 
season 550 head at $32 each, averaging three years of age; sells steers i 
August and September; no irrigation in the valleys in which they are pa 
tured. A good share of his steers are Canada and Kentucky breeds, crosse 
since 1870. The losses on the* range were reported six to seven per cent, i 
18S0; heavier in 1879, owing to short grass and deep snow — equal to 25 p< 
cent. The cattle interest is now prosperous — not half the number there we; 
three years ago. Kentucky blue grass does well where there is water; the ri 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. IS 

vines are damp and soil rich. The Herefords are preferred as being the best 
beef stock. In his experience the Short-horn cows lacking attention and with 
too much milk, lose their udders. For a common range of stock Devons 
are well enough, but he wishes to keep up the size by a larger cross. Steers 
of the range average 1,400 lbs. each. Mr. Jennings keeps full bloods, and 
has 25 milch cows at his home, and has a breeding herd. He says, if the Gov- 
ernment would part with its lands at a low price, there would be buyers 
Avho would irrigate and increase the production ten-fold. These are the 
extraordinary weights which he gave for show animals treated to the best 
known food for cattle. One steer, killed in December, 1880, at three years 
and five months, weighed, net, 1,612 lbs.; a heifer, at four years, bred in 
Kentucky, proving barren, weighed, beef and tallow, 1,750 lbs. The steer 
killed, the owner avers, was better than any killed in London in 1S80. Mr. 
Jennings was at the Birmingham Show, in England, in 1876, and there was 
not on exhibition stock equal to that reared in Utah. 

Prof. M. E. Jones, botanist, of Salt Lake, has visited all sections of 
"Utah, and finds but small tracts of lands that will produce well without irri- 
gation, and but 2,000 square miles capable of raising grains and grasses by 
irrigation. There is no buffalo grass, as in Colorado, but bunch grass on 
the mountains and by the foot-hills, which keeps cattle the year round. 
Stock is lean in the Spring and beef blue. A wild wheat grows in the val- 
leys called Blue Joint, which is cut for hay. All the grasses grown in the 
States will grow in Utah by irrigation. Horses and cattle do well most of 
the year, but do not thrive if kept with sheep. They have two seasons, 
Spring and Fall, for branding and rounding-up. No hogs in Utah. The 
Mormons hold most of the water and land that can be irrigated, except 
east of the Wasatch Range. There are but 447 square miles of land under 
cultivation, and this is confined to narrow strips along the base of the moun- 
tains and by the streams. 

Haley, Idaho. — This is the residence of Hon. H. P. Turner, of the Ida- 
hoan Mine. It is on Wood River; production, silver and lead; sent out 
1,000 tons to Salt Lake for smelting in 1S81, and has 4,000 tons of low 
grade ore waiting for a railway, the survey of which is 30 miles distant. 
Judge Turner has been 600 miles up and down Snake River, and reports it 
an all-Winter range; meadow, with meadow lands and water; timber scarce; 
uses wire fences. Some sections of Snake River are well timbered with 
pine and fir. Stock wintered well in 18S0. 

Bridge, Cassia County, Idaho — The residence of J. Q. Shirley. Was from 
New York; has been in Idaho and California for 30 years; drove cattle from 
Missouri to California in 1853, consisting of 600 head; then, in 1869, brought 
cattle from California to Montana, in a drive of 1,700 head; residence since 
has been in Raft River country and Southern Idaho; is now the owner of 
2,500 head of cattle, 300 horses and 600 sheep; cut 500 tons of hay, and 



14 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

fed gteers to ship to California, via Central Pacific Railway, in January. 
The*, grazing part of Idaho is a superior stock country. Moves cattle from 
Summer to Winter range, and have but few losses. The calves are separated 
from the cows in Autumn. In breeding horses, he crosses the common stock 
with the Clydesdale and English draft with good success. The sheep first 
kept were coarse-wooled; of late has crossed with Spanish Merino bucks,, 
and secures nine pounds of wool from a sheep. The weight of steers at 
three years is about 1,150 lbs., without hay. The Devon cross, though not 
as large, is a good one. Stock always active and fat. The stock of all 
kinds gather round the Warm Springs, and make a circuit in range of 30 or 
40 miles. The Short Line Oregon Railway strikes a 30-foot vein of coal 40 
miles west, then Warm Springs and farther on Soda Springs. It follows a fine 
Summer range and the great cattle trail from Oregon. After crossing the 
Utah & Northern Railway, there is good grass, but heavy snows; extra 
range in the region of Fort Hall, and good grass down Snake River to Ore- 
gon. Eastern Oregon will develop every way in cattle, which will naturally 
go south-east on the Union Pacific Railway. Cattle are scarce and high; 
yearlings are worth $10 each. It is unsafe, say on the Laramie plains, to be 
without hay. I have done driving, and had rather brand calves to make 
money, caring well for young stock. There is a great advantage in winter- 
ing stock where there is timber. 

Laramie. — Here I found D. C. Holcomb, Esq., who shipped 2,000 head 
of steers from Laramie weighing 1,100 to 1,200 lbs. each. J. B. Hutton 
shipped 1,000 head that sold at $50 each in the yards. These were 
raised in the lowest water country, Southern Wyoming. Sudleth & Mont- 
gomery shipped 2,300 head to Chicago, and sold at an average of $4.50 a 
hundred; average weight, 1,200 lbs. each. The North Park has not only 
good mines, but a fine range for cattle, and they came out well in the severe 
Winter of 1881. This park has about 2,000 square miles, and on the range 
there are 3,000 horses and 10,000 head of cattle, encircled by grand moun- 
tains, which are covered with timber and the peaks with snow. 

Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory, the headquarters of Swan Bros., from Indi- 
anola, Iowa. They began in 1874. The range is north and north-west of 
Cheyenne, on Chug Water and Sabille and Laramie rivers, the northern 
limit being 120 miles. They have a breeding and home herd at the head of 
Horse Creek numbering 300. It is their plan to keep bulls up; also to sort 
out young heifers with calves. In 1881 they branded 8,000 calves, and have a 
total of 53,000 head. They admit a loss in the Winter of 1881 of 8 per cent. 
Sold in Fall of 1880 8,000 steers, at $34 per head; have 50,000 acres fenced, 
and will enclose more. Hon. A. H. Swan is of the opinion that 10 cattle die 
for want of water to one from cold or hunger. A horse herd is kept of 400 
head, consisting of riding stock and Clydesdales, which are bred at a great 
profit. 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 15 

Messrs. Sprague & Warner, the princely grocers of Chicago, have a herd 
of many thousands, south of the Union Pacific Railway, in Nebraska, which 
bring large returns. They do not admit heavy losses, and are enlarging 
their business. They talk of the Oregon branch of the Union Pacific Rail- 
way, which goes through the richest part of the country west via Boise City 
to Baker City, keeping north of Snake River to Ft. Hale. It will open a 
wide field for ranchmen, and develop mines which are rich. 

Colorado. — Wilson & Tucker of Deer Trail, Col., have been West 14 
years, all the time in stock-dealing, some in real estate in Denver. Their 
herd contains 6,000 head, crossed with Short-horns and Herefords. Short- 
horns are best to cross on Texas stock. Hereford bulls must be cared for in 
the' Winter. Have had no experience with Devons. Hay is not cut for 
cattle. Wean the calves in the Fall. They have no wind-mills, but they 
could be used where there is no surface water in the Winter. Grass will grow 
without irrigation on bottoms. (I saw eastward of Deer Trail many stacks 
of hay and enclosures of wire fence.) The ranchmen put up hay for horses, 
sheep and bulls. The best stock for us — " Rustlers." Bloods will lay down 
in the storms and die. With small herds, and care of young heifers and the 
bulls, a better per cent, of calves. We only see our cattle in the Summer, 
and mean to keep them from crossing the Arkansas River on the south. 
There was a big loss last Winter; many short from 25 to 50 per cent. I 
sold off the old stock and moved the rest on the Republican, where there 
was less stock and good grass. Sold 800 steers, 4 years old, weighing 1,270 
lbs. each; 3-year-olds, 1,150 lbs. each; shipped at Deer Trail. Own 250 
horses; have 100 saddle horses; cross-breed mares with high bloods. (I saw 
samples of stock in fine order and of good style.) Not less than 50,000 
head of cattle drifted last Winter to Arkansas River and Los Animas. They 
round up at Pueblo and region, and go north after being gathered. In the 
storms, snow is so blown as to leave bare spots, else the cattle would perish. 
The company has 60 miles of wire fence .to hold steers. It costs 9 cents 
a pound for wire at Denver. Water in Eastern Colorado is got at a distance 
varying from 20 to 90 feet. 

J. H. Hittson, of Deer Trail, Colorado, has been here seven years; his 
father, just deceased, came from Texas 1 1 years ago; had 15,000 head in 18S0. 
Mr. Hittson put in $7,500 as capital in 1874, buying 1,000 Texas yearlings. 
He closed out February, 1878, with near 2,500 head, which sold for $39,520 — 
a net gain of $32,000. Put up no hay, except for horses. Owned no land, 
and cattle ranged from Nebraska to Arkansas. There is plenty of water in 
streams on the range. The steers and all cattle belonging to the estate were sold 
this year; shipped 100 car-loads to Kansas City. The grass is good at Repub- 
lican and Arkansas Rivers. He uses Short-horn and Hereford bulls; likes the 
Hereford best. Half-breed crosses are the strongest. Gives a preference to 
Texas stock for making money, as they grow larger when brought north. 



16 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

In the older Eastern and Middle States beef is but an incident contrasted 
to a general purpose in the West. The old cows and worn-out oxen are 
brought to the butcher's block. Few except the more promising calves for 
milkers are spared above from one to four weeks, and the milk is shipped to 
the city or made into butter or cheese. So few are raised from calves that 
thousands are brought annually from the West to recruit the herds of 
milkers, which of late are the grown calves sent by rail to Illinois and Iowa, 
and return by rail after two or three years' growth. 

The rule East is good feeding and in warm barns or sheds. On the 
passing trains the cows seen by the straw stacks, with a stable seal (manure) 
and a smooth coat, indicating the philosophy of the owners as to the 
economy of warmth in saving feed and manure, which is so trivial a concern 
on the Western prairies. The work in stalling and cleaning out stables is 
considerable, and it does not seem easy to escape the vassalage of from five 
to six months in feeding, and the expense of ten tons of hay or its equiva- 
lent, at a varying cash value of from $S to $20 a ton. 

This expense leads to a close study of adaptations and a severe selec- 
tion of cows, for only good ones will keep a balance on the right side of the 
ledger. The high cost of grain prevents full feeding, with rare exceptions ; 
and, when breeding stock is shown in competition with that better fed West, 
it lacks the size and showy features which captivate the beef growers ; hence 
Eastern fancy breeding for Western markets has not been a marked success, 
however faultless the pedigree. 

To furnish milk for 3,000,000 of people or more in the cities at a profit 
has taxed fully the faculties of the inventive indomitable rural Yankee 
nation. The cows he has groomed, the milkers and feeders are trained, and, to 
a minute the milk cans are at the railway platform. Thus to an adept in 
bargains and milk-pooling contracts, and a candidate for the best customers, 
economical feeding becomes a necessity to maintain the fiscal standing of 
the dairyman. Steaming food has had a run ; cutting hay and straw and 
stalks has been more in vogue by the use of horse-power and steam ; and of 
late a system of ensilage is awakening wide and earnest thought. This is 
the preservation of green fodder in pits for Winter feeding. Mr. C. W. Mills 
of Pompton, N. J., and others, claim that by the use of corn sown, and cut 
green, a cow may be kept the entire year for $12, as against $80 
by the old methods. Plans for boxes and pits are simple, and the construc- 
tion so cheap that great results are predicted from these processes, now 
without our province to elaborate.* 

THE CATTLE CENTERS. 

West and south of Chicago, for 400 miles, the methods of stockmen are 
•bjectionable to the staid brothers of the hills, rich valleys and suburban 

* See Journal of American Agricultural Association. Vol. 1. a minute description of Ensilage 
ncis ' ». ". 'lit >n. in the best style of a clear and attractive writer. 






By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 17 

homes in the East, who see nothing to commend but the expansion and the 
money made ; and this last incident, it must be admitted, has grown out of 
these late favoring conditions — barns or sheds for the stock, butter and cheese 
making, the use of better cows, and realization of good prices for beef and 
dairy products. Twenty years ago a dry and warm shed in Iowa was the 
exception and not the rule ; scrubs the rule and not the exception. Heifers 
were saved for their beefy looks, and not for points as milkers, and were 
milked by chance or in accord with the whims of owners. Steers were fed 
on the side hill, where the rains would wash away the manure, while the 
bushes or a rail fence was all the protection afforded the stock, eating from 
the ground with the swine that reveled in the droppings. 

Barns are not now requisite, and many of the large feeders prefer sheds to 
the narrow enclosures, and corn constantly kept in the boxes, to measured 
rations. This is their reasoning: "I have not capital to put into a barn 
with ample hay-lofts and stable room for hundreds of steers ; nor can I find 
the men who are inclined to stable cleaning. Besides, save in extremest 
cold days, the corn-fed bullocks do not choose close quarters, but the open 
field and run, with bracing air." A stomach full of corn, they reason, will 
furnish the caloric, and greater gains are reported by open feeding than by 
housing, thus avoiding barn cost and stable cleaning. A good outfit is, say 
for ioo head, a yard built on a slope, with a shed opening to the south, built 
of straw and poles or boards, enclosed in a five-acre lot. A wind-mill pump 
or a running stream is a necessity, with boxes, three feet up from the ground, 
for corn to be broken in the ear or shelled. The undigested corn will feed 
and fatten two shoats to the steer, or, if large, one hog to the steer is the 
rule. Spring and Fall feeding is now more common and most profitable, 
avoiding resistance to the cold and requiring less grain where access is had 
to good pasture. Soaking the corn is found to be great economy, and the 
swine are healthy and thrive as by no other known feeding process. If 
the Fall and Summer beef markets are lower, there is found a compensation 
in less grain required and more rapid fattening of both cattle and swine. 
Fair beef is made by 200 days feeding, which should put on from 300 to 400 
pounds of meat and 200 pounds of pork, by the use of 100 bushels of corn, 
or a half bushel a day. If the basis is a stocker of a weight of 1,000 pounds, 
and the beef from $4 lean to $5 fat the hundred when corn fed, and a gain 
of pork equal to 200 pounds, this brings a net return of 40 cents a bushel 
for corn, which is above the average price in the crib at the railway station 
for the last 10 years. This process of feeding saves the tedious hauling of 
corn to market, and is a great equalizer of the value of corn-lands, whether 
near or distant from railways. I estimate on the basis of 100 beeves, a 
saving of 300 days' service with a man and team. Our enterprising feeders 
who ship hundreds annually have no special advantages over the small 
farmer, since he may grow the corn, and do his own work, and have access 






18 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

daily to the record of the markets, and accompany his stock to Chicago or 
sell it as is his pleasure. 

COMMON FEEDING 

engrosses the largest number of the farmers who are located in the newer por- 
tions of Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota and Eastern Nebraska and Kansas, where 
there is a dependence on native grasses, and east of the longitudinal ranges 
of Winter grazing on bunch or buffalo grasses. They have a rude but not 
unprofitable system under an improvement in breeds and the introduc- 
tion of butter and cheese making and the growing of a larger acreage of 
corn. The plan is to secure cattle to consume all the corn-stalks on the farm 
as well as the wheat, oat and barley straw, and make up for any deficiency 
by moving the native prairies, which, except in rare dry seasons produce a 
good burden of hay. That cut on the lower grounds is of less value, but 
brings the older stock through in fair condition, with an allowance of corn 
in late Winter. Large herds are made up in a given locality, and placed in 
charge of one man with a horse ; he is able to keep from 300 to 600 out on 
the open prairies, near good water, at a cost for five or six months' attention of 
$5 1 a head. Their thrift depends much on the quiet maintained, and if yarded 
in not being kept long in confinement. The small young stock do not grow 
in a large herd, and cows with calves have an unequal chance in a mixed 
herd ; indeed, the improved methods require a separation of the sexes and a 
return to fresh grass after the first severe Autumn frosts. The heifers are 
bred at two years of age, and the steers find ready purchasers coming three 
years of age, to go into the meadows and feed lots in the older sections 
where corn is abundant, at the cost to the purchaser of an average of three 
cents a lb. or $30 a head, while the heifers are sent to the butcher or kept for 
milkers. The practice of allowing the calf to follow the cow has been quite 
common, and is now the rule with the large farmers where the creameries and 
cheese factories are not introduced. These practices grow out of the want 
of capital by the land-owners ; to stock and fence their lands and erect build- 
ings ; but are to be commended in eating out the native grass, which is good 
for the land-owner, and consuming stalks and straw by the cattle rather than 
to be wasted by fires, leaving only impalpable ashes to be driven by the winds, 
and of no value to the soil. The cheap and effective barriers found in wire- 
fences are fast enclosing large tracts of land, and yearly narrow the pastur- 
ing range, and invite the sowing of tame grasses ready for full feed when the 
steers are most apt to take on flesh. A tract of raw prairie is worth from 
one to three dollars an acre more after a few years of close feeding, it being 
easier broken, and sure to bring a good crop the first season ; hence the enter- 
prising stock-grower, having grazed the non-resident lands, is able, by the 
help of a rising family, to enlarge his boundaries by purchase and keep his 
sons near home with full employment; and the ownership of a quarter section 
in fee is not an unworthy ambition for father and son. 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 19 

After a quarter of a century of observation amidst all the fluctuations of 
markets, I know of no sober, pains-taking enterprising breeder and raiser 
of cattle on cheap lands in Iowa until maturity that has failed by reason of 
droughts, floods, storms or disease, or who has not found a fair return for his 
labor by improved cattle, and the enhanced price of land ; attaining in many 
instances not only full compensation, but ample provision for days of decrepi- 
tude — even wealth. I have seen the breeder of fast horses left without credit; 
ambitious sheep-owners, from diseased flocks, sold out oy the sheriff, and an 
army of speculators reduced to claiming a homestead exemption, and their 
neighbor, courageous and prosperous as a rule, clinging to his herd. 

RANCH 

is a Spanish word, early signifying a hut, later a place of resort for cattle- 
men, now with a wider meaning : a large cattle establishment ; distinguished 
from hacienda — which is a cultivated farm or plantation. But how obtained 
and what the requisites for the one most desirable ? They are open to the 
world on all unsectioned tracts of our domain, with this qualification, that he 
who has pioneered may have selected the best and is entitled to all implied in 
a squatter's claim and his sovereignity — a tract of land not always clear as to 
its boundary, but held as property under border regulations, and by the title 
of occupation which it would be presumptuous for a stranger to controvert. 
Hence a spirit of greed and large claims, many extending 10 or 50 miles by 
10 miles, and, when covering too' great an area, there are convenient if not 
real partners, in herdsmen and adventurers, who are glad of a home if not 
rich in cattle. Springs are highly valued as in Oriental countries, and a good 
camp by a clear, never-failing stream is a small fortune. Next, a ravine with 
a dense growth of bushes or timber, with hills, bluffs and winding ways called 
canyons, where stock flee in storms, choosing the high ranges for Summer 
pasture. Ranchmen have a scale of prices for their possessions, not more 
variable than those of the Eastern land dealer, with abstracts and warrantees, 
and are ready to leap into the saddle on finding a customer and push on, 
with or without a herd, to "pastures new." 

The best of locations, where there is isolation and no past or no pro- 
spective strifes, as between the herdsmen of Abraham and Lot in old Canaan, 
are worth from hundreds up to several thousands of dollars. In the en- 
croachments societies are formed, where the metes and bounds are fixed, and 
a trespasser is not to be countenanced ; yet strong parties combine for 
mutual advantage in retaining extended ranges, and to facilitate herding. 
Localities nearest the railways and supply stations have the preference, and 
those near Indian camps and reservations are the least desirable, save near 
what is the well defined Indian Territory, where cattle are grazed in large 
numbers for a small sum. No adequate estimate of the number of cattle 
on the ranges can be formed by a view from the moving trains, since the 



30 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

timid wilder herds are in the distance, and in the stormy and cold seasons 
they are in the shelter of brush and crowded in the ravines and draws, 
where the water gurgles and the light snows are driven off by the winds. 
The mortality would be fearful but for the animal locomotion which sends 
them to these places of refuge with quite as keen instincts as those of certain 
feathered tribes that make their flight to congenial climes. There are deep 
local snows for months, but small bare spots are visible, the only resort 
to satisfy their hunger. Then a dry atmosphere does not allow the snow 
to cling to the stock, which they shake off with as decisive and effective 
motions as the mustang throws his rider. There is another fact in the min- 
istry of nature that inures to the comfort of the bovine and prevents loss in 
storms. The buffalo of the North and the Siberian fox have a coating of 
hair and of fur suited to their wants, and I found that herds acclimated 
were covered with a dense coat of hair, long, oily, and compact, with white 
spots below the surface answering to the dandruff in the human hair. This 
mitigates their suffering by cold, for asbovines they are wanting in the good 
sense of the horse, which uses his limbs in exercise to maintain vigorous 
blood circulation, while the cow, shivering, braces up inactive, waiting for 
any fate. Hence I judge it is not a mere fancy that the descendants of 
Spanish or Texans in a long line of ancestry inured to storms, and with- 
out protection by their owners, are the best " rustlers," and give proof of 
these qualities so desirable where there are inadequate shelters from great 
exposure to storms. 

The grasses found indigenous in the various localities are so similar 
that when you know one variety you know all. A dry Autumn prepares 
them to resist the action of frosts. They are found to have the qualities of 
good hay, being sweet and retaining fattening qualities until a new crop 
starts in the Spring, the old of necessity of less value as exposed to rains, 
when they waste and rot. Then there are two kinds of sage brush eaten in 
an emergency, the white variety being in the Spring in a measure free from 
the Autumn bitter taste, and nutritious. It grows nearly a foot high, and is 
of great service when snows are prevalent. The buffalo and the deer are 
said to relish and fatten on it, as cattle will certainly. Animals unaccli- 
mated, when not crowded, make a good growth and fair beef on our vast 
western ranges, where there is but the aspect of barrenness and a picture of 
desolation. It is not to be inferred that there is uniform good pasturage, 
for in certain localities there is absolute barrenness, and so much sand that 
vegetation is not possible. Alkali sections are not myths, and " bad lands 
and staked plains" have a meaning. 

Cattle are not improved as they might be by a Winter separation of the 
sexes — the weaning of the calves and the feeding of heifers, weakened and 
emaciated by early maturity and the rearing of a calf. Cannot the death- 
rate be reduced, and there be a larger show of "the survival of the fittest?" 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 21 

I find few to approve present methods, which are in disregard of economic 
plans and Nature's laws, proclaimed since the days of Moses. There is to 
be partnership of "pains and gains," and fewer boasts of herds numbering 
many thousands. A lottery like pursuit in the ownership of property out of 
sight and beyond control is to be exchanged for a regulated, established in- 
dustry, which the presence of railways makes practicable, facilitating ex- 
changes, moving stock and bringing the wind-mill and fencing material from 
afar to the cattle farm. The railways have a direct interest in a dense popula- 
tion and in many herds to tread out the bunch grass, that by cultivation and 
the enriching by irrigation, there may spring up in its room grasses forming a 
compact sod. This is everywhere the foundation of pastoral wealth, and in 
association with the higher plane of rural life inviting into partnership the 
mechanic and mill owner ; stimulating the raising of trees in adornment of now 
desolate plains, and the erection of school-houses and churches, as in the 
past, and forever more to be the accompaniments of the best American 
society, in its march to a higher civilization, not found in the saddle of the 
ranchmen, as a rule, nor promoted by the excitements of the long drives and 
the round-up revels. 

THE ROUND-UP 

is a Spring and Autumn revel of stock-owners, herdsmen, cow-boys, and all 
interested in a brand in a given section of the country. It is the hunt for 
beef-steers, calves for branding and separations, according to ownership, for 
a remove to the Summer range. This rural episode grows out of a disper- 
sion of the herds before storms and in search of food or water. 

With a driving herd a round-up is made every night, to keep them to- 
gether ; but the rounding-up to separate herds is generally done at a time 
designated by law or determined by commissioners chosen in each county 
for the purpose. In Colorado the commissioners publish in the Spring the 
places for the round-ups for every day during a period of six weeks, usually 
beginning in the middle of May. The places are generally a distance of 
twenty miles from each other. Every ranch or neighborhood then fits out 
its squad of men to search and separate the cattle. At a given hour the 
wagons and outfits are seen starting from every ranch in the State and Terri- 
tory toward a common rendezvous on the unfenced plain. The squads are 
divided into various parties, each properly officered, and the exciting work 
begins. First the horsemen begin at the edges of the pastures, defined by 
the foot of mountains or banks of rivers, and sweeping around the boundary, 
start the cattle toward the rendezvous. It often takes four, five or six 
weeks to get the wanderers in. During that time, with driving the cattle by 
day, and night-herding or keeping them from scattering at night, no man 
gets over five hours' sleep out of the twenty-four. 

Good feeding and hilarity is the rule, and high toned courtesy— a director 



22 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

and judge — settling disputes on the Plains beyond the shadow of the blind 
goddess Justice, where litigation is less common than in many densely 
populated sections — Judge Lynch deals with cattle thieves and marauders in 
a way that the offenders "tell no tales," yet a fleet horse often eludes the 
pursuers, and saves the rider from summary punishment. 

A well established brand is extensively printed in local papers, showing 
the steer, ear-cut, or hip, shoulder or head marks, and associated with a 
liberal, well known name, has often a large money value ; hence the combi- 
nations and blending of capital under one firm. 

It is reported that a small owner is apt to have no more consideration 
shown him than there is shown to the small fish in the sea, and he is quite 
willing ; if with only feeble courage, and equipped with a low-necked steed, 
to be absorbed for a proper consideration. 

The unbranded cattle, or those of unknown owners,are called "Mavericks," 
and in some of the States they go into the county educational fund, but usually 
are slaughtered for the sirloin beef and the hides, which are sent to the 
towns. Semi-annual divisions are becoming more common under the better 
policy of weaning calves, separating the young milkers, and enclosing sepa- 
rate breeding herds of both sexes, where the steers may be quieted for ship- 
ment and the more valuable cattle kept from the large and often drifting 
herds. I saw many steers enclosed for the January market, and the owners 
of the better classes of cattle, I observed, were happy in showing their fences 
and large ricks of bright hay, ready for the emergency of deep, crusted 
snow. 

OUR STOCK COUNTRY GEOGRAPHICALLY. 

We have every variety of desirable soil and climate, and in Nature con- 
stituent natural elements of an empire but partially developed, not uniform 
in adaptation to cattle husbandry. The sugar and tobacco lands and the cot- 
ton plantations of the South have their uses, but are not the natural abode 
of the herd. Our older States have led the way, but are now crowded and 
allured to other industries by the competition of the prairie corn States, and 
the facility with which beef is grown in the Far West and thrown on their 
markets. 

What all our older States aspire to do is to raise the best stock for the 
dairy, obtain a good price for surplus beef, and attract the West to become 
purchasers of their fine bloods for breeding purposes. So long as it seems 
necessary to use expensive fertilizers to insure crops, and buy hay worth from 
|io to $20 a ton, the young stockman turns his steps towards newer lands 
and cheaper acres. These he finds in the Central West, and abundant 
room for large capital and encouragement to enter the lists with many thous- 
ands now prospered, and in sections where the climate is not more rigorous 
than far East ; railway freights reasonable, and well watered, rich virgin acres 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 23 

seeking purchasers at from $10 to $40 the acre, according to nearness to 
railways, towns, schools and churches. 

In producing milk the East has no rival in the West, and in the manu- 
facture of strictly first-class butter finds a reasonable profit in the choice of 
cows and by late methods of feeding promising great results, especially under 
ihe ensilage system, of which Mr. J. B. Brown, President of the New York 
Plow Company, says : 

" What I enjoy most to think about in this connection, is the increased 
comfort that it will bring to the animal kingdom, and to humanity 
everywhere. Eight acres, with this system, will produce as much animal 
food as one hundred did before. A farmer with twelve children and a 
hundred acres can divide up his land and give to each of them a farm that 
will, with a silo, support them and their families as comfortably as the whole 
farm would with a barn. We are increasing in population with the rapidity 
of geometrical progression. Ensilage practically increases the size of the 
earth twelve times at least, without making it inconveniently larger or dis- 
turbing the solor system. It is a reservoir of Summer sunshine and Spring 
showers, improving with age, and is, to a great extent, a preventive of the 
-evils of drouth and famine." 

If this is not a rose-colored view, the cows are to be better fed and sup- 
ply billions of pounds of better milk to the cities, and a surplus of butter and 
.cheese for export, from millions of cows rating better year by year, and far 
superior to those kept in the newer States, where beef has for years been 
the great concern in the herd. The corn States par excellence, after so full a 
mention of Iowa, my own State, are well advertised by superior butter made 
under the creamery system, and the large and model beeves far below the 
demand. It was deemed public policy to abolish the office of Commissioner 
of Emigration that there be no haste in peopling our new countries — in their 
native state grazed to some advantage, and will soon be required under the 
•laws of population, changes of occupation, and the dispersion of children of 
American families. I only mention the good room remaining in an area 
■of ten millions of acres in Iowa, and an equal amount, with not equal corn 
.adaptation, in Minnesota, Kansas and Nebraska, where the cattle industry 
has advanced in the last decade equal to 100 per cent., and there is room and 
promise of even a larger development in the next ten years. 

THE DAIRY INTERESTS 

have a wide bearing on cattle raising, and no American industry is at this 
time exciting more earnest attention. A low estimate of our annual product 
of milk from thirteen million cows is five hundred and twenty million dollars. 
How can the cows be improved as milkers is the problem in the corn States, 
and not impair their beef qualities ? This finds one answer : select families 
of the beef breeds that are proven good milkers. The combination of these 
■qualities is possible in a high degree, and is strictly a practical and not a 
.speculative question. Poor milkers, as a rule, lose their owners money, and 



24 The Cattle Industries op the United States. 

have been the great occasion of discouragement in butter and cheese making. 
Those for sale are often found worthless, and extra stock is cheap at a large 
price. Statistics show that there has been an increase in revenue from the 
cow in 1880 over T870, of $10 a head, which indicates improved stock, better 
feeding, new methods, and better prices. Creameries are springing up 
through the Central West, and there are 500 in Iowa alone where ten years 
before there were none. This plan gives the farmer the benefit of milk for 
his calves and pigs, the cream being only taken to the factory, where, under 
a system, with ice, improved implements and good packing, there is a uni- 
form article commanding fancy prices. Good cows are now salable at from 
$40 to $60 each, for the dairy, while poor ones are not wanted at any price. 

The exports of butter and cheese will, on the best foreign authority, con- 
tinue to increase, if furnished at a moderate price and of superior quality ; 
and the same reasoning applies to the consumption of milk in our towns and 
cities — a large demand, if at low price to the masses and of unquestionable 
quality. Good dairying success eastward is more dependent on the milking 
qualities of the cow. The average one has no record, while the best show 
great possibilities and stimulate rival owners. I have before mentioned the 
Holstein cheese cow as giving 18,000 lbs. of milk in a single year, and the 
Great Cattle Sale of history. It would be a great slight to the Jersey Queen 
of Barnet as a butter cow if I did not give her record. She is a Vermont 
cow, originating in the herd of Messrs. Fairbanks & Co., St. Johnsbury. 
Her milk for 7 months and 11 days weighed 9,069 lbs. — of butter made 555 
lbs.; an averge of 50 lbs. of milk daily, and a promise of 800 lbs. of butter 
for 12 months. 

A RESUME OF THE FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE NEW WEST. 

I must not omit the late Thomas Carlyle, who, often quoted, said of our 
country, " The cause of your prosperity, discounting all democracy and po- 
litical rubbish, is, you have a great deal of land for a very few people." I 
do not accept this plausible solution of the occasion of our prosperity. Ob- 
servation and reflection, on the contrary, lead to a far different conclusion. 
The pioneering of agriculturists for fifty years in this country, and the later 
adventures of gold hunters for 25 years past, before the era of Western rail- 
way building, has been a direct drain on the wealth of the nation, involving 
losses to those on the frontier, known only through the sad experiences of 
the pioneer who has all the disadvantages of an invading army far from the 
base of supplies. His energies are paralyzed and profits reduced for want 
of that obtainable in the vicinage of shops and stores best eqipped and 
stocked, where there is competition, and artisans of diverse skill waiting em- 
ployment. A choice of vocations is not left hundreds of miles distant from 
consumers of his agricultural products, and the producer in a new State is 
forced to study a concentration of coarse products into valuable ones which: 
will bear long land carriage. 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 25 

Hence it was quite natural for Pennsylvania grain growers distant from 
the ocean to set up distilling whisky, and when hindered to inaugurate, 
even in the days of Washington, a Whisky Rebellion not of slight moment, 
and this subdued, they and more Western agriculturists, to regain what was 
lost, set about stock raising with the great disadvantage of distance from 
markets, which compelled the raising of cattle that should have as a prime 
quality limbs for locomotion rather than well rounded quarters for beef. 
Swine were bred of necessity, not to gain adipose, but for that ability to 
make long journeys, which furnished such "delectable (?) company" for so 
many drovers and owners. 

Wool was deemed quite too gross a product to be profitably carried to 
Eastern looms, and bankruptcy often followed the establishment of factories 
with costly machinery, imported artisans, and a higher rate of interest than 
in the older States for capital invested. 

Thomas H. Benton asserted that every dollar carried from the rich gold 
mines of the West had cost two dollars, and labor which would have made a 
rich and fruitful garden of millions of acres, had it been expended on the 
soil. How statesmanlike, to point out the track of the buffalo as Nature's 
route for the iron rail to the El Dorado of the West, which evoked an enter- 
prise rich in reward to capital, far richer to the pioneer, and involving a 
broad statesmanship which now, by the facilities afforded to the miners, and 
an increased production of the precious metals, gives us that which has been 
the ambition of all votaries of Croesus, the honor and profit of distributing 
the world's exchanges. 

Andrew Jackson, fifty years ago, in the rural home of the Hermitage in 
Tennessee, had no device for farmers, in the isolation of that day, so promis- 
ing as manufactures, and a tariff protection in their infancy, to develop 
skilled labor and invite capital. The picture of the poverty and desolation 
of the pioneer soon became less dismal by the use of the turnpike road and 
steamboat navigation, but did not raise the last generation to that plane of 
prosperty, comfort and fiscal possibility now enjoyed, and within reach of 
the pioneer, through the facilities of the railway for travel and freighting 
products. 

Carlyle, ignorant of the locality of our wealth, could not unfold the secret 
of its acquisition ; found more in saving, in easy exchanges and industry, 
than in ownership of many cheap acres by unskilled and negligent farmers. 
He did truthfully say, in a fitting text for a volume on Economies : " There 
is not an Indian by Lake Winnipeg that quarrels with his squaw that does 
not affect the price of beaver throughout the world." The converse is true: 
there is not a successful trapper that does not affect the prices of beaver, 
nor a wise, painstaking herdsman that does not add to the material wealth 
of his country by improving stock, and those rare excellences which attract 
the enterprise and wealth of older countries. 



36 The Cattlk Industries of the United States. 

What material concern is greater than the best methods of concentrating 
gross products into concentrated values ? And this is cattle husbandry — 
turning grasses and grains into nutritious food of the best quality, in the 
briefest period and at the least expense. Pure milk only will be tolerated; 
cream butter alone, and no doubtful compound; pure bloods for prepotency 
and beef above all praise. Thus honor is his shield and ample profits a re- 
ward, from the high plane of a gentleman who leaves a legacy to his family 
beyond comparison. Ignorant of the ways of bulls and bears in the market, 
by the bovine he earns honest bread, and wins his way from the Herd Book 
to the page of heraldry. What an escape from the sorrows of an adventurer 
and the shame of losses in the pools of jockeys. Animal life is a profound 
study, taken with the study of food, which answers to the fuel for the engine 
that gives power and secures locomotion. A stomach is an assay institution; 
and with the laws of hereditary, the study of markets, and with the comities 
of gentlemen, he rises naturally into a high-toned, original character. The 
tenants of prisons would be few if drawn only from the ranks of cattle rais- 
ers. Tricks in trade would be rare if confined to pastoral life, since there is 
.no idle brain for a satanic workshop. What so common to find as real gen- 
tlemen, an eclectic class, moulded by simple habits and elevated association, 
rich in reminiscence, whether at farmers' clubs, on fair grounds, or on the 
frontier, where the rude elements of empire are warm and moulding into 
form. 

We should admit our deficiencies, and profit by the ways of older coun- 
tries. It is plain that we lack cattle in numbers. For our domain, excepting 
Alaska, we have only one bovine for 61 acres, a paucity in numbers that so 
stimulated the owners that there was an increase of twelve million head in 
the last decade, where there might have been twenty millions but for the in- 
sane ambition to ship our bulky grains rather than condense their values in 
meat on our own soil. England has one bovine to eight acres; France rela- 
tively fewer — one to twelve acres. Germany, with less than fifty millions of 
acres, has fifteen million head of cattle, or one to each three and one-half acres. 

In carrying out this international comparison, it may be mentioned that 
Russia, deemed far below our country, has sixteen million horses, twenty- 
four million of cattle, and ten millions of swine, and fifty millions of sheep. 
The United States has eleven million horses, thirty-five million cattle, 
thirty-five million sheep, and of swine thirty-two million — equal to the whole 
of Europe in porcine display and numbers. 

The relative number of animals in different countries is suggestive at 
once of what our country lacks, and of its possibilities. None has such 
varied favoring temperature for the bovine; none so wide an expanse unoc- 
cupied, for our area is one-third greater than that of Russia; and none in 
its newer sections equal railway facilities with ours. 
„ One hundred millions of cattle can be kept with equal profit in our coun- 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 27 

try to the twelve millions in our sister Republic, France — then allowing us one 
bovine to twenty acres, while by the last census we have for each of the ani- 
mals, horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, not less then fifteen acres. 

These approximate numbers from the latest authorities, home and for- 
eign, show that during the last decade our relative gain was greater than 
that of any country, and far exceeded that of any period of our history. 

The views of European statesmen, and the reports from our foreign 
ministers and consuls, taken with American agricultural literature in the 
magazine, and newspapers, show the wide and deep interest taken in animal 
industry, enlisting mind and capital hitherto dormant, and this with good 
reason, substituting care for the toil of the grain-raisers; a measure of cer- 
tainty for the chances and vicissitudes of trade, blending the thought of the 
breeder and feeder with those attentions consonant with social elevation and 
refinement; dealing with animals that, amid the wasting of years and blotting 
out of empires, have in their assertion of self-perpetuating, tenacious life, 
improved during the vicissitudes of four thousand years, becoming in every 
succeeding grand epoch more a necessity to their masters related to wealth, 
aesthetic culture and happiness. Even Iowa, during the life of a single 
generation, has acclimated and fed brutes of more cash value than all the 
flocks of Kedar, the horses of the Pharoahs, and the cattle depastured on a 
thousand hills; and this era of banks, steamers, railways, and progress, has 
furnished nothing more replete with interest, or more intimately blended 
with individual aspiration and a just State and National pride. 

How grand is the question — broader than the schemes of diplomat ; of 
more consequence than the policy of the Secretary of Finance or appropria- 
tions of Congress. That we may be more fully impressed with the nobility 
of our rank attainable, waiting for success on earnest and honorable en- 
deavor, I only hint at the breadth of the stock breeder. He must be a 
financier, not risking his all on an animal with paper promises so large with 
attorney fees that a poor crop or money panic will force his stock under 
the hammer. Our fiscal sails must be set for all seasons and spread regard- 
ing money resource and time, which matures stock as well as roses, never 
forgetting Poor Richard, 

" Boats large may venture more, 
Little boats near the shore." 

A successful breeder has an artist's eye. He is to blend the beauties of 
each — to form the ideals at once captivating to the refined taste and in adap- 
tation of superb qualities. 

Bovine bloods have points for the dairy and for the shambles, and the 
artist blends forms in accordance with correct taste and utility. The horse 
has muscle for the plow, draft, and for the road; and a glance indicates the 
qualities of each in endurance and fleetness; and to bring forth the blending 



28 The Cattle Industries of the United States. 

beauties of breeds, captivating to a refined taste and of superb qualities, un- 
challenged as the animals in Rosa Bonheur's classic pictures, is our study; 
and this requires the keenest perception to espy defects, bold treatment and 
consummate skill in combinations where temper, style, muscle and bone may 
be bred in or out 

Hence an Artisan rearing animals for the world's great markets, whereof 
the buyers are critical, capricious and exacting, has a graver task than that 
of Reubens, for the painter may recolor the canvas at will, more delicate in 
effect than that of Canova; he could at the next breath chisel the marble 
anew, while deformity in fold, herd, or stud courses in the blood corrupting 
many generations. We are creators under the laws of hereditary, and nothing 
less is becoming as citizens than an ambition worthy of knightly honors, 
earned by a Bakewell in the fold and a Booth and Bates in the herd. 

Our people are keen in invention, fertile in resource, and cherish a laud- 
able ambition to rival princely owners in the purity of bloods and the excel- 
lence of beeves. The long desired fraternal spirit is obliterating sectional 
lines and blending in pleasing harmony sections and States alienated by war, 
to be materially profited by the National family of 1900 Anno domine, number- 
ing prophetically 100,000,000 of people, and owners of 100,000,000 of the 
bovine races. 

In concluding this discussion it is fit that I should remind the reader that 
matter ample for a large volume has been condensed to the compass of a 
magazine article, which will explain the reason for so brief a discussion 
of many aspects of this great question. I should be derelict in duty not to 
express my obligations to all persons who have by letter, facts of experience 
or opinions contributed to the value of this paper. If strong language has 
been used in regard to oleomargarine, it was in the interest of the humble 
dairymen, and in reprobation of the devices of the sordid compounders who 
nauseate the innocent at the table, imperil health, and corrupt the very foun- 
tains of the streams which enrich by legitimate trade. 

Our frontier herdsmen would not forgive an omission of the Indians in 
their cognate relation to cattle industry; and if I may lesson the tales of border 
horrors by a calm discussion which will break up the tribal relation, mass our 
dusky wards, and by the presence of woman lessen the vices which now obtain 
in rude nomadic society, and save the savage from a lazy life and degeneracy, 
in a new departure where the conditions of comfort and protection are toil and 
obedience to the laws of civilized life, a seeming digression will be pardoned. 

I shall have failed in my main purpose, if the opportunities afforded by 
the railroads for reaching our natural stock country have not been set forth 
sufficiently strong to stimulate many aspiring youth to take a deeper interest 
in cattle husbandry, and lead to the blending of their fortunes with those 
who would make the Newer West so attractive that 

" Heaven shall look down to see."' 



By Hon. J. B. Grinnell. 



2 ) 



Wonderful growths, increased home and foreign demands for beef, great 
stock sales and immense gains, I place secondary to an elevating employment, 
found on rich pastures in healthful climes and in the presence of grand 
scenery, moulding thought and life, where it is as honorable to earn a for- 
tune as to gain it by inheritance. 

Save in time of war or the period of depreciated currency, good stock has 
not reached so high a price as it brings to-day, and no period can be cited in 
the world's history when the labor of hand or brain promised more in results 
for brave and beneficent purposes; thus inciting those restless and aimless 
and weary with traffic to emulate the votaries of the herd in closing their 
career with generous comity and their hearty good deeds, which will please 
their children to recount, and their fathers to remember — an exemplary 
legacy — in the gathering shades of life's evening. 

CATTLE IN THE UNITED STATES BY CENSUS OF l88o. 

We are indebted to Mr. J. R. Dodge, Statistician of the National Agri- 
cultural Department, for the following table, never before published: 



States and Terri- 
tories. 



Working Milch 
Oxen. Cows. 



Maine 

New Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode Island 

Connecticut 

New York 

New Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia 

North Carolina 

South Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida , 

Alabama , 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 

West Virginia 

.Kentucky 



43,049 
29,152 
18,688 
14,571 

3,523 
28,418 
39,633 

2,022 
15,062 

5,818 
22,246 
54,709 
50,188 
24,50' 
50,026 
16,141 
75,534 
61,705 
41,729 
90,603 
25,444 
27,340 
12,643 
36,166 



Other 
Cattle. 



150,845 

90,564 
217,033 
150,435 

21,460 
116,198 
1,437,855 
152,078 
854,156 

27,284 
122,907 
243.061 
232;i33 
139,881 
315,073 

42,174 
271,443 
268,178 
146,454 
606.717 
249,407 
303,832 
156,956 
301,882 



140,527 

112,689 

167,204 

96,045 

10,601 

92,149 

862,233 

69,786 

861,019 

20,450 

117,387| 

388,414 

375,105 

199,321 

544,812' 

409,055 i 

404,213; 

387,452 

282,418 

3,387,967 

433,392 

452,462 

288,845 

505,746 



States and Terri- Working 
tories. | Oxen. 



Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Nebraska 

California 

Oregon 

Nevada 

Colorado 

Utah Territory. . 

New Mexico Terri'y 

Washington " 

Dakota 

Idaho " 

Montana 

Arizona 

Wyoming 



Total . 



Milch 
Cows. 



8,226 

40,393 

3,970 

3,346 

28,762 

36,344 

2,506 

9,020 

16,789 

7,234 

2,288 

4,132 

765 

2,080 

3.968 

16,432 

3,821 

11,418 

737 

936 

984 

718 



767,043 

384,578 

494,944 

865,913 

478,374 

275,545 

854,187 

661,405 

418,333 

161,187 

210,078 

59,549 

13,319 

28,770 

32,768 

12,955 

27,622 

40,572 

12,838 

11,308 

9,156 

3,730 



Other 
Cattle. 



1,084,917 

466,660 

864,846 

1,515,063 

622,005 

347,161 

1,755,343 

1,410,507 

1,015,935 

590,129 

451,941 

352,561 

158,137 

315,989 

58,680 

137,314 

103,111 

88,825 

71,292 

160,143 

34.843 

273,625 



1,010,402 12,580,907.22,501,545 



Grand Total 36,093,854 



DAIRYING AND DAIRY IMPROVEMENTS. 



Attention has frequently been called to dairying as one of the most profitable 
and agreeable branches of farming. Between the years 1870 and 1880, its develop- 
ment was equal to that of any other agricultural pursuit, but the same degree of 
interest does not seem to have been taken in it since then, that should have been, by 
those who desire to reap the best result from their labor and accomplish the greatest 
success in their undertakings. General farming has proved so satisfactory to those 
engaged in it, by reason of short crops abroad and high prices, that the induce- 
ments offered to the milk producer have been somewhat overlooked. There has, 
of course, been the usual amount of butter and cheese made, and, perhaps, an in- 
creased quantity of each, but a larger production would have paid. It is noticeable 
that our exports of these products, instead of increasing last year, declined some 
fifteen per cent. This is accounted for by the fact that there was an increased home 
demand, which was an excellent thing; but we should make enough butter and 
cheese to supply the home demand, great as it may be, and largely increase our ex- 
ports besides. 

While the production of grain and beef has been profitable of late, we must be 
prepared to face lower prices abroad, as the promise of good crops everywhere is 
now excellent. Grain raising having become almost a mechanical industry, and beef 
production unusually stimulated by the prevailing high prices for meat, these will 
naturally become unremunerative shortly ; and those who are in the right locality 
for dairying will serve their best interests, and pursue the part of wisdom, by 
adopting dairying where it is practicable. And on what grounds, it will be asked ? 
Because there never has been, and never will be, too much fine butter or too much 
fine cheese made ; because it is not only a profitable and cleanly business, but dairy- 
ing, instead of depleting the soil and impoverishing it, constantly enriches it; be- 
cause it increases intelligence and good morals, and hence good government. The 
present dairy sections of the United States are the richest, most fertile, and the 
people the most thrifty and intelligent of any other. 

By the census of 1880, there was shown to be 12,600,000 milch cows in the 
United States, but there are nearer 15,000,000. These, besides supplying milk 
for family use, both in the city and country, produce from 350,000,000 to 400.000,- 
000 pounds of cheese, and between 1,200,000,000 and 1,500,000,000 pounds of butter 
annually. To sustain this number of cows on the old system of feeding, it takes 
about 50,000,000 acres of land. Under the new system, that of preserving green 
fodder by ensilaging it, it is within bounds to say that the same land will sustain 
40,000,000 head. It will be asked, where could a market be found for such quanti- 
ties of butter and cheese as this number would produce, or one-half of it? In the 
first place, if the right kind of cheese be made, millions of pounds will be 
consumed in this country, and the remainder may easily be exported ; and of 
butter we could export even a larger quantity than the surplus of this production 
would be, if we furnished a fancy article and had all the trade of England and the 
other countries which import their butter ; and with the great improvements in both 
the inland and ocean transportation facilities, it is now possible to ship butter 
in refrigerators from all parts of the United States to the principal ports of Europe. 



Dairying and Dairy Improvements. 3i 

Within the past five years the average quality of butter has improved from 25 to 
50 per cent., on account of the extension of the creamery system, and the home 
consumption has increased in proportion as the masses could get good butter. 
Not only this, but people who were accustomed to good butter eat more now 
when they get a still better article. 

It will be suggested that all sections are not adapted to dairying. This is true, 
but the old idea that the territory in which it could be successfully practiced was 
limited to a small territory extending across the State of New York, Western Penn- 
sylvania, Northern Ohio, Southern Michigan, Northern Illinois, Southern Wiscon- 
sin and Eastern Iowa, has been exploded. Dairying can now be successfully 
prosecuted wherever good milk can be produced and ice obtained ; and good milk 
can be made wherever Indian corn can be grown ; and ice can be gotten almost 
wherever the railroads or steamboats can go; and, besides, it can be made anywhere 
by an artificial process. Of course, we will not say that fine butter can be made in the 
extreme South, but it can be made almost in every section of the country, with the im- 
proved machinery and methods now in vogue. As is well known, as fine butter is 
made in Iowa as is produced anywhere, and few districts surpass Wisconsin f©r fine 
cheese. The industry has already extended hundreds of miles westward wi*t'hin 
twenty years. The Blue Grass country of Kentucky is probably as fine a section ®f t'he 
Union for dairying as there is, covering hundreds of thousands of acres, and yet un- 
developed so far as this industiy goes. Iowa has more creameries now than any Statu 
in the Union, while ten years ago she did not have one. Five years ago the first was 
built in Eastern Pennsylvania ; now there are one hundred and fifty east of the 
Alleghany Mountains, in that State; and New England, where the dairy system ©f 
the country originated, has begun to adopt the system. 

Herkimer County, New York State, is the seat of cheese making in the United 
States, and the birthplace almost of the industry on this side of the Atlantic. Ex- 
tending from the Adirondack Mountains on Lake Champlain to and across the Mo- 
hawk River on the south, it lies about seventy-five miles west of Albany and two 
hundred and twenty-five miles east of Buffalo, the New York Central and Hud- 
son River Railroad and the Erie Canal both running through it from east to west; 
the northern part mountainous and almost as wild as when the first white settlers 
came to the region in 1792, whilst the southern section, embracing but a small por- 
tion of the country, though hilly, is most fertile, and in a high state of cultiva- 
tion; the farms in the highest condition, and the herds well kempt and sleek. 

It is a strange fact that dairying was only adopted here, as it has been in so 
many other localities, after grain farming had been tried and found unprofitable. 
Five years ago, traveling in Northern Iowa and Southern Minnesota, the writer 
was met with the suggestion, in that supposed new country, that the farmers must 
take up dairying for grain production as the latter had seen its day. A connection 
of Mr. N. Easterbrook, one of the most popular men of Herkimer County, and one of 
the best informed, raised grain in the early days and carted it to Albany, until his 
farm became so exhausted that he was compelled to take up dairying. He was glad 
to get four cents a pound for his cheese; now it brings ten at the same place. 

The first cheese was made in Herkimer County (according to that excellent 
authority, Hon. X. A. Willard, one of the leading lights of the dairy industry in 
America, and to whose intelligent efforts its development is due as much as to any 
man in America) in the year 1800. For many years it continued the chief pro- 
ducing section of the Union. As early as 1812-16, says Prof. Willard, there were 
herds numbering as many as forty cows, which is yet a good -sized dairy. In 1826 the 
business began to take root in the adjoining counties. The implements were very 



.32 Dairying and Dairy Impovements. 

crude, the milking was done in open yards, and milking barns were quite unknown. 
The milk was set in wooden tubs, the curd cut with a long wooden knife, and 
broken with the hands. The cheese was pressed with log presses, standing exposed 
to the weather. They were made thin and small, and held through the season in- 
stead of being disposed of within about thirty days from the time they were made, 
as at present. When ready for market they were packed in rough casks and 
shipped to different localities for home consumption. Up to 1840 but little improve- 
ment had been made either in the methods of farming or cheese making, but in 
that year the farmers had become so prosperous in dairying that they began to pay 
more attention to the care and management of stock, and to improve their breeds. 
About this time the first dairy steamer for making cheese was introduced, and a 
few years later the presses were improved. Prices were four to six cents per pound. 
Between 1852 and 1860 the business of cheese making began to assume formidable 
proportions, and prices advanced to seven and nine cents per pound. The farmers 
had begun to grow wealthy, and the country was much improved. In 1857 the 
factory system was introduced by Mr. Jesse Williams of Oneida County — the ad- 
joining one to Herkimer — but it was not generally adopted until 1860; so that the 
cheese factory dates back but twenty-two years practically, and yet what a growth. 
There are now probably one hundred and fifty cheese factories in Herkimer County 
alone, and over three thousand in the United States. With the rapid development 
of the dairy industry, there has been a corresponding improvement in the methods 
of manufacturing both butter and cheese, and in the implements used. The wooden 
tub and log press for cheese have been superseded by machinery adapted to the 
manufacture of the best cheese by the easiest methods; and the old dash churn, and 
its contemporary implements in butter making, to numerous improved machines. 
The factory system has taken the place of dairy -made butter in many sections, 
while in most districts superseding dairy-made cheese. The system has advanced 
the average quality of each many per cent., and has proved a great boon, not only 
to the consuming public but to the dairymen, as the product brings a much higher 
average price. While, however, there has been great improvement in cheese mak- 
ing, there has has for some years been a large quantity of inferior goods made, and 
they have kept the home consumption as well as the export outlet much smaller than 
what they would have been had all been of good quality. Some have been poor 
from natural causes; but the chief reason for bad cheese has been the manufacture 
of skimmed cheese. Factories which were distinctively cheese factories practiced 
what is known as half -skimming; and others making a special business of manufac- 
turing butter worked the skimmed milk up into cheese. The former sold for a price 
ranging from one-half to three-fourths the price of full milk cheese, and the latter 
from one-fourth to one-half. This has given an increased quantity of fine butter, 
but it has been at the expense of the cheese interest. The effect has been most in- 
jurious to the sale of our cheese, not only abroad, where we depend upon a market 
for a third of our entire production, but upon the home consumption, which is not 
a third of what it should naturally be. Skimmed cheese has been sold to such an 
extent as to disgust every one who eats them, and to prejudice the people against 
all kinds of cheese. The South, which was a large customer for cheese, has become 
so disgusted as to declare against buying cheese made in certain districts because of 
their reputation for skimming. And they are right. Skimmed cheese, as generally 
manufactured, is not fit for food; and the sooner the people refuse to buy it the 
better. It is estimated that fifty to sixty million pounds of thes* skimmed cheese 
are made annually in the United States. They are unprofitable both to the producer 
and consumer. It is a fact that we need all the fine butter that can be made, and 



Dairying and Dairy Improvements. 



33 



all the fine cheese. To make the butter as cheap as possible, the skimmed milk 
must be utilized, and under proper conditions it can be made into a fine cheese, 
whereby twenty-five to thirty-five millions of dollars may be saved to the farmers 
of this country annually, even on the present number of cows, and the public sup- 
plied with an excellent article. This we say after careful and thorough investiga- 
tion of the system. It is by the substitution of pure sweet animal or vegetable oil for 
the cream taken from the milk, and used to make butter. A few weeks ago we made 
a critical examination of factories employing the system, and of the product, with the 
light of many years' experience in the dairy business and handling cheese, and saw 




as fine an article made under it as the best full cream factories will average. The 
cheese was solid, fine in texture, clean-flavored, and possessed of thorough keeping 
qualities. We saw at the same time report of sales made in New York at the regu- 
lar market price for full cream cheese. Indeed, the quality was above the average 
of full cream cheese. This was owing in part to the skill of the maker ; for, while 
the goods were as fine as full cream, there is no reason why they should be better. 
It is enough to say they were as good. Following is the result of one week's 
work with the artificial cream machine in five factories, for the week ending June 
13, in Herkimer County, N. Y. : 



34 Dairying and Dairy Improvements. 

Newville Branch. — 22f 4 pounds of milk to one pound of butter, and ll T Vi> 
pounds of milk to one pound of cheese. Newport Branch. — 25 T y ff pounds of milk 
to one pound of butter, and 11 T 8 V pounds of milk to one pound of cheese. Cold 
Brook Branch. — 25 T S J - pounds of milk to one pound of butter, and 11^ 8 T pounds 
of milk to one pound of cheese. Eureka Branch.— 25/^ pounds of milk to one 
pound of butter, and llyW pounds of milk to one pound of cheese. Middlevelle 
Branch. — 25 1 r, u 7 pounds of milk to one pound of butter, and 12 T s y 5 pounds of milk 
to one pound of cheese. 

The system consists of a machine as per the above illustration. B is a cylin- 
drical machine, inside of which is a cylinder fitting closely to the sides, driven by a 
belt under the bottom, run by steam or horse power, and at a very high rate of 
speed. Into this is conducted a third part of pure sweet vegetable or animal oil to two 
parts of sweet skimmed milk, from vats A A, each heated to a temperature of 135 
degrees. It comes out into the receptacle at the bottom a pure, rich, perfect 
cream. The machine coats each little globule of oil with milk, thus making 
the artificial cream, which sours the same as natural cream and can be churned 
into butter likewise, producing a fine quality. This is introduced into the milk 
previously skimmed 24 and 36 hours, with all the cream practically out of it, 1J^ 
pounds to the hundred pounds of milk. The heat is at once turned on the same as 
in the ordinary manufacture of cheese, and the rennet poured in. The artificial cream 
becomes at once thoroughly incorporated with the milk, the coagulation takes 
place, and the entire process is the same as in the regular manufacture of cheese, 
except that the buttermilk is returned to the vat of skimmed milk just as the artifi- 
cial cream is introduced. It is the most perfect and successful operation we have 
ever seen, and the entire results are most satisfactory. We do not hesitate to say 
that every cheese manufacturer who makes butter, whether he be what is known 
as a cheese factory man or a creamery man, should adopt this system, providing he 
can get pure sweet oil and will take proper pains with his work. It is destined to 
create a revolution in cheese making. It will put money into the hands of the 
factory man and the farmer, and prove an inestimable boon to the consumer. It is, in 
fact, the most important and useful invention of the age. On the day we saw the 
system exemplified, we partook of ice cream, in company with a number of leading 
gentlemen of Central New York, made from the artificial cream, which could not be 
detected from the natural article. It was perfect. That was the severest test it can 
ever be put to. Samples of the cheese manufactured by this process were sent Henry 
M. Jenkins, Esq., the honored Secretary of the Eoyal Agricultural Society of 
England, who distributed them among prominent members of his organization. 
They were submitted to the most critical tests and stood them all. The Agricul- 
tural Gazette of London, one of the most influential agricultural papers published, 
speaking of these cheese, a sample of which was shown the editor by Mr. Jenkins, 
says: 

" Mr. Jenkins was good enough to send us the other day two samples of Ameri- 
can cheese — both of them sweet and pleasant to the taste — one orange colored, close 
in texture, lacking the frequent large cavities; the other, white or cream colored, 
friable, of good texture, and not to be distinguished from a fair Cheddar cheese. 
They were both free from bitterness, and the latter one was particularly well tasted. 
"We should expect to have had to pay ninepence or more a pound for it, and per- 
haps eightpence a pound for the other, in any grocer's shop. That anyone can 
expect or even wish t*> discourage the introduction into this country of such capital 
food as the American farmer thus offers us is impossible." 

The Little Falls Journal and Courier, a leading dairy paper, commenting on 
the same cheese, said editorially: 



Dairying and Dairy Improvements. 35 

"Time and again in the history of Herkimer County, our farmers' incomes 
have been cut down from one-quarter to one-third for the season, simply because 
they have made in the Spring, from skim milk, cheese of so poor a quality that no 
one could continue eating it until it was consumed; and so every poor cheese sold 
has stopped the consumption, in whole or in part, and prices have been forced 
down for fine goods, when, if there had been no poor ones sold, cheese would have 
been quickly eaten and more demanded. 

" It is estimated that 500,000 poor skim milk cheeses are manufactured in this 
country annually, and that each one of these prevents the consumption of three to 
five good ones, simply by being in the way ; in other words, if no poor, unpalatable 
cheese of any kind were made, we could manufacture one billion pounds of cheese, 
instead of four hundred millions, and receive higher prices than we have heretofore. 

'' It seems that science has solved the problem, and that skim milk can now be 
utilized in making good, palatable, healthful cheese, by adding to each 100 pounds 
of milk one and one-half pounds of animal, or vegetable oil, by first making an arti- 
ficial cream, then putting it into the mass of milk and treating same with rennet, 
&c, in the usual manner. Both of these oils named are used every day by nearly 
every family in the land, and we do not see why they should not be used in cheese, 
as well as for cooking, &c. 

"We submit to the thoughtful attention of dairymen who use the skimmer 
every Spring, and who have then made poor skim milk cheese unfit to eat, whether 
it is not best to adopt this new system and thereby increase the consumption of 
cheese and also promote higher prices; for poor grades always drag down the prices 
for fine." 

DAIRY IMPLEMENTS. 

In dairy implements the newest and most valuable improvement is the double 
or twin creamer for setting milk. It is shaped like an ordinary cheese vat, is 
arranged for cooling by a system of pipes running around the vessel between the 
framework and lining, with the addition of a tin partition running longitudinally 
through the center, in which piping for cold water to pass through is also arranged. 
This increases the cooling surface nearly thirty per cent., and constitutes the vat 
the best of any yet offered to creameries and factories for keeping milk the longest, 
and securing large yields of cream. Its capacity is 3,000 to 4,000 pounds, each com- 
partment accommodating 1,500 to 2,000 pounds of milk. 

Another most valuable improvement is an ice arrangement for cooling milk. 
The same kind of a chest or vat is used, but in place of pipes there is a tin basin, or 
trough, made in the shape of a V, which is filled with ice and set in the milk and 
covered. This system secures the largest yield of cream of any invention yet 
introduced, and raises all the cream within twelve hours from the time of setting it. 

Proprietors of factories have long suffered for the want of a butter worker that 
would handle the largest quantity with the least expenditure of labor, and as the 
size of factories have increased the manual labor has become the more expensive and 
irksome. It is no small chore to work 100 pounds of butter by hand in addition to 
the other work the butter maker has to do about a factory, but when it comes to 
three to five hundred pounds per day it is a most difficult task, while in a number 
of factories in different sections still larger quantities are made. A power butter 
worker has therefore become a necessity to the larger manufacturers. One has 
recently been brought out, and it does its work perfectly. It manipulates twenty- 
five pounds at a time, and has a capacity of 6,000 pounds per day. We have seen it 
tried and have no hesitancy in pronouncing it a success. 

For cheese making the newest improvement is a circular cheese vat, which cuts 
the curd, agitates the milk, and salts the cheese by machinery of a very simple 
kind. It is not only a perfect vat but a great labor saver. There are three sizes: 
5,000 pounds, 8,000 pounds and 12,000 pounds. It does the work even better than it 
can be done by hand, and is in all respects reliable. This we have also seen tested. 



36 Dairying and Dairy Improvements. 

Little Falls, a beautiful village on the banks of the Mohawk River, is the prin- 
cipal town in Herkimer County, and as that county is the parent of cheese making, 
Little Falls is the progenitor of cheese marketing. Situated on the side of a hill, 
with the river running through its center, it is a noted picturesque place, and from 
any point the finest pastoral views to be seen in America may be witnessed. Its 
streets are clean and well paved, and the buildings, including the stores, warehouses 
and private residences, have that substantial, bright, wholesome appearance to be 
expected where dairying is the chief industry. No place of its size anywhere is 
nearer a model town. Containing about seven thousand inhabitants, it supports 
several manufacturing establishments, but its prominence is solely as a dairy center, 
and its proud position as the chief dairy market of the world is apt to be main- 
tained if Utica and Elgin do not make too rapid strides. 

In 1861, the Little Falls cheese market was established, dairymen coming to 
town on certain days of the week, and there meeting buyers from New York and 
other places; on some market days, as early as 1864, hundreds of farmers could be 
seen on the streets with their wagons loaded with dairy cheese, and buyers from the 
principal cities of the country purchasing their product. Between 1864 and 1870 
the market attained a still greater popularity, the Utica Herald beginning a system 
of weekly market reports. As many as three hundred salesmen from different fac- 
tories attended the market in addition to the private dairymen, and the reputation 
of the quality of the cheese became world-wide. In 1871, the celebrated Little 
Falls Board of Trade was organized. It was the first established in this countiy 
and led to the organization of others, until now there is one in every important 
dairy section of the Union. Hon. X. A. Willard was the first President of the 
Little Falls Dairy Board of Trade. 

To Mr. Harry Burrell, now deceased, the development of the dairy industry in 
Herkimer County, the popularity of its cheese, and the wide reputation of Little 
Falls, is perhaps due more than to any other one man, and consequently the spread 
of the dairy industry throughout the West and the good name of American dairy 
products. In 1826 Mr. Burrell began buying cheese, shipping to New York, Phila- 
delphia and other markets. In 1830 or 1832 he opened a market with England, and 
from that time until his death, three years ago — when, at the age of eighty-one, he 
passed away — he continued a regular exporter, shipping in his last years a thousand 
boxes a week. Mr. Burrell became the leading buyer of cheese in the United 
States. As the production of cheese increased and extended, he entered the new 
fields, having agents in all sections, and for many years a branch house in New 
York. His purchases aggregated many millions of dollars, and his operations ex- 
tended over a vast territory. A large percentage of his business was done through 
others, but he always retained the confidence alike of factory men, agents and his 
customers, both at home and abroad; so that Harry Burrell's word was always 
good, and no man ever had just cause of complaint. A man of keen judgment, 
wise foresight, strict integrity and grand enterprise, he succeeded as no man has 
succeeded in the dairy business, dying honored by all who knew him, the possessor 
of an ample fortune, and leaving a family of sons who had been trained by him, in his 
business alike respected with their father — David H. and Edward Burrell; the former 
known from one end of this countiy to the other, and in every dairy section of the 
world — in the United States the most popular if not the best-informed man hav- 
ing to do with the dairy and its products. At his death Mr. Harry Burrell was the 
owner of some fourteen of the finest dairy farms in New York State. 

With the growth of the dairy industry, and the increase in the manufacture of 
cheese and butter, came a necessity for constant improvement in dairy imple- 



Dairying and Dairy Imrrovements. 37 

ments and machinery, and a business in dairy supplies followed. In 1870 
Mr. David H. Burrell associated himself with Mr. E. S. Whitman for the sale of 
such articles as were needed by cheese and butter makers. Their first year's 
business amounted to $44,000; the next year it was $63,000; eight years later it 
had grown to $350,000. Mr. David H. Burrell attended to the practical part, going in 
person to the factories and putting up the apparatus, until, a few years ago, they se- 
cured the services of Mr. George Freeman, who has since taken charge of that branch 
of the business, and who is known to a great many cheese and butter factoiy men 
in the State as a competent and reliable man. The business of the firm, by indus- 
try, enterprise and wise management, continues to grow, and now amounts to a 
large sum, considering the low prices of most of the goods dealt in. The firm now 
have a fine, large warehouse, four stories high, on a principal street in Little Falls, 
and are the largest dealers in and manufacturers of dairy supplies in the world, 
their business extending into all parts of the United States and Canada, and finding 
markets for their goods in Europe, Australia, and every country where butter and 
cheese are made. They supply every article used in the dairy, cheese factory or 
creamery, and control the patents of all the best implements and machinery, in- 
cluding that of the machine for the manufacture of the new process cheese, the 
Gang Presser, Twin Creamer, Ice Creamer, Power Butter Worker and Circular 
Cheese Vat, before described. They handle not only everything for the dairy, but 
the best articles, and give a guarantee against infringement of the patent on every 
patented thing they sell. The present members of the firm are D. H. Burrell and 
Walter W. Whitman, and there are associated with them Clarence Van Vecten, 
Geo. W. Searls, Merrick Freeman and Barry Pomeroy; and to the enthusiastic sup- 
port given the firm by these gentlemen, Messrs. Burrell & Whitman attribute a 
large measure of their success. 

This firm, besides making vats and the hundred ordinary articles used in the 
production of cheese and butter, manufacture the Gang Presses, Cheese Box 
Hoops, Seamless Bandage, Cheese Boxes and Butter Tubs, having factories at Rome, 
New York, and Detroit and Trenton, Michigan, in addition to their own establish- 
ment here. There are at least five hundred men constantly employed in the manu- 
facture of the different articles which they sell. 

The Annattoine, sold by Messrs. Burrell & Whitman, is a most valuable 
preparation. 

For trying their machinery and implements, Messrs. Burrell & Whitman have 
an experimental cheese and butter factory, where everything they offer is first 
tested, and nothing is sold that they cannot recommend from actual trial. This 
saves all risk of loss to the factoryman and his patrons. 

With this firm, and particularly with the senior partner, Mr. David H. Bur- 
rell, we have enjoyed an acquaintance of many years. He justly occupies a high 
position amongst the dairy farmers of the whole country for intelligence, enter- 
prise and fair dealing. Still a young man, he enjoys a degree of confidence and 
popularity of which any man might well be proud. 

The business of his firm is conducted on the fairest principles and upon the 
most advanced methods. Enterprise and industry are impressed on every branch 
of it, while they will sell no article that they cannot recommend. They are the 
sole owners of the patents for the manufacture of the new process cheese, and 
the only manufacturers of the emulsing machine; and before offering either 
they have carefully, and at large expense, tested their usefulness. We have such 
thorough confidence in them, that we will cheerfully give all particulars about 
them desired. 

J. H. Reall. 



PUBLISHER'S DEPARTMENT. 



A GREAT MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENT. 

In one of the most beautiful and fertile parts of the great Mohawk Valley, 
New York, is the thrifty town of Uion, with a population of about 7,000, where 
scarcely forty years ago there was but a single house. The town lies west of the 
New York Central Railroad, at the base of the hill, with the Erie Canal running 
along its east line. The part of the valley in which it is situated is scarcely a mile 
wide, but the hills slope gently, and on their sides and summits are rich dairy f arms. 
Indeed, so largely is the section devoted to dairying that scarcely an acre of 

{)lowed land is to be seen from the villages. This cheerful place, with its well 
aid out streets, numbers of comfortable residences, well kept lawns, shaded drive- 
ways and fine churches and schools, is the outgrowth of a single manufacturing 




establishment, and upon which its prosperity yet rests— that of E. Remington & 
Sons, the great firm of agricultural implement, gun. sewing machine and type 
writer makers. The business was established by Mr. E. Remington at about 
three miles above Ilion. He removed his works to the latter place, and at 
his death, when his sons Samuel, Eliphilet and Philo had become members of 
the firm, it was the largest gun making establishment in the country, a position 
it still occupies. It has a capacity of over 1,000 stand of arms per day, and fur- 
nishes the leading governments of the world. At the breaking out of the Rebellion 
it declined orders from the South accompanied with the cash, through its loyalty 
to the government, whilst other manufacturers filled all they could get. The 
firm suffered a great loss of business thereby, which, on account of its large invest- 
ment, involved a serious loss, but they were true to their principles whatever the 
sacrifice. Subsequently they received large orders and recovered their losses. 
Within the past few years the manufacture of agricultural implements, sewing 
machines and type writers has been conducted by the Messrs. Remington on a 



Publisher's Department. 39 

large scale and with superior facilities. Their entire works cover five acres of 
ground, and when running to their full capacity employ 1,800 hands. The firm 
have a national reputation for probity and for the superiority of their manufactures, 
and their agricultural implements are known everywhere. Mr. Samuel Remington, 
the President of the Company, which is a stock concern, takes a deep personal 
interest in practical agriculture, and owns what is destined to be one of the best 
farms in the State, and which has upon it the best system of farm buildings, in- 
cluding a cheese factory and creamery, in the country. 

In the present issue of this journal a full article is published on Mr. Reming- 
ton's farm, describing it in detail. It possesses points of peculiar interest to every 
farmer in the country. 

In the agricultural implement department, the Messrs. Remington have intro- 
duced a new plow, which is revolutionizing the system of breaking up the ground. 
Speaking of it, the Rural New Yorker said, a short time since: 

" The value of advertising in the Rural New Yorker was never better illustrated 
than in the recent advertisement of the New Remington Clipper Plow. Within 
about ten days after the appearance of the advertisement the manufacturers re- 
ceived over 500 letters of inquiry for further information and prices. This proved 
two things: — 1st. The value of the paper as a medium of communication with the 
farmers and dealers. 2d. That there is a popular demand for a lighter and better 
plow than the Chilled Plows which have until now been so popular. Everything is 
said to have its day, and this seems to be true of the Chilled Metal. The New Rem- 
ington Clipper Plow is made of Carbon Metal (' the hardest and toughest metal 
ever put into a Plow '), which is largely composed of steel, and it is not heavier 
than the ordinary steel plows. This, together with the fact of its improved form, 
being the last and best of all the inventions, makes it lighter for the team and 
steadier in its work than any other. Now this is just what the farmers want, and 
what the agricultural community is looking for. The New Plow is handsomely fin- 
ished. To the practiced eye of the plowman it looks as if it would indeed do all 
that it is warranted to. The manufacturers make a superior Carbon Share, which 
is undoubtedly without its equal for hard wearing qualities." 

The Remington Improved Mower, manufactured by the same firm, is likewise 
attaining a great popularity. It is simply constructed, strong and durable, easy of 
draft and management, and a model of beauty and cheapness. Their sulkey rake 
is automatic, self-discharging, and can be thrown in or out of gear at any height or 
worked by hand without change. 

The Remington Company also manufacture shovels, scoops, spades, garden 
rakes, hay forks, manure and' spading forks, and potato and manure hooks. 

Messrs. Remington & Sons were the originators of the type writer, an instru. 
ment which no business man can afford to be without. It is unquestionably one of 
the most useful inventions of the age, and is fast superseding the pen in corres- 
pondence and composition. Not only is it less laborious than the use of the pen, 
but it will do a third more work, and when done it has the great advantage of being 
as readable as print, thus saving many errors and much annoyance. The type 
writer is now in use in all the principal commercial houses, banks, insurance com- 
panies, railroad and newspaper offices in the country, and is largely used by authors, 
ministers, and all having writing to do. From personal experience we can testify 
to its great utility. 

The sewing machine made by Messrs. E. Remington & Sons is one of the best 
manufactured, and is deservedly popular wherever used. It embraces all the points 
of excellence of any other machine, and is more reasonable in price. It makes a 
beautiful and durable double-thread lock stitch, suited to every description of work. 
It uses all kinds of thread, and sews with facility from the finest to the heaviest 
material. The silence and smoothness of the motion is positive proof that it will 
continue to run for years without expense. By the new and peculiar movement of 
needle and shuttle and thread-controlling parts, there is less wear or strain on the 
thread used than in other machines. The thread being set in the material unin- 
jured, the work is therefore better and stronger than that clone on any other machine. 

One of the most valuable of the many useful things manufactured by Messrs. 
Remington & Sons is the new horse-power fire-engine. It has the same power for 
throwing water a long distance as the steam fire-engine, with the advantage of be- 
ing adapted to horse or man power instead of steam. The levers are on top of the 
machine, and work in circular form, and can be propelled either with men or 
horses. It does the same work as a steam-engine, is always ready for operation, 



40 Publisher's Department. 

does not get out of order, or require the service of an engineer, and sells at half the 
price of the steamers. They are peculiarly adapted to villages, and would prove 
the best kind of an investment for every town in the country, however small, that 




it could make. With one of these engines there need be no such destruction of 
property and of whole villages, as has often taken place. Farmers with expensive 
buildings should have one on their premises, and every manufacturing establish- 
ment needs one. 



Publisher's Department. 41 

THE KEMP MANURE SPREADER. 

One of the most useful and valuable machines used on the farm is Kemp's Manure 
Spreader, and it is something every farmer should own, and which the most pro- 
gressive ones have already secured. We have seen it on some of the best farms 
in America, and find everybody warm in their praises of its value. Amongst those 
who have it in use are Theo. A. Havemeyer, Mahwah, N. J. ; Col. J. W. Wolcott, 
Dedham, Mass.; Hon. Samuel Remington, Iliori, N. Y.; H. B. Claflin, New York; 
Rev. Henry Ward Beecher and James Neilson, N. J. There are now over 500 in use 
amongst this class of farmers. 

' ' Kemp's Manure Spreader is a machine cart holding thirty to forty bushels, with 
large wheels, broad tire, and a short tongue to connect with the forward wheels of 
any farm wagon at the king bolt. It has a movable bottom similar to the traveling 
bed of a tread power, which, by means of suitable machinery, when in gear, moves 
slowly between the sides of body, carrying the load to the rear where it meets a 
swiftly revolving cylinder armed with teeth that picks the material to pieces and 
scatters it in fine particles as" the team moves along. It will pulverize and evenly 
spread all kinds of manure, from the coarsest to the finest, ashes and lime, wet or 
dry, marl, muck, cotton seed, cotton seed meal, and all like fertilizers, with perfect 
uniformity, in any quantity per acre desired, either broadcast or in drills, in one 
tenth the time required BY hand. Two men with team can spread from a pile in 
the field 50 to 100 loads per day. Yet its chief merits lie in the quality of work, 
the manure being so thoroughly pulverized and equally distributed that forty to 
sixty per cent, more benefit is derived from the same amount than when pitched out 
by hand in the ordinary lumpy, uneven way. With the drill attachment, well rot- 
ted and fine manures or other fertilizers can be deposited in drills for cotton plant- 
ing, or on rows of strawberry and tobacco plants and sugar cane, very rapidly and 
in the most perfect manner. The cart can be used as a dump cart for all ordinary 
farm purposes, especially for hauling potatoes and farm produce, which can be 
readily dumped on a pile in a moment by turning the crank wheel. 

Two sizes are made, No. 1 holding about 30 bushels or an ordinary farm wagon 
load. No 2 one-fourth larger body, holding about 38 bushels, to meet the require- 
ment of farmers having level land or light manure. There is also the forward 
truck, which includes an iron axle, wheels and tongue, making the rig complete 
and ready to attach to the team, without the necessity of detaching part of a farm 
wagon when the spreader is to be used. To save freight they are usually shipped 
knocked down, with directions for setting up. 

PRICES ON BOARD OF CARS AT SYRACUSE. 

No. 1 Spreader, complete $110 00 

" 2. " " 120 00 

Drill Attachment 10 00 extra. 

Forward Truck with Whiffletrees and Neckyoke 25 00 

N. B. — Forward truck will only be furnished when specially ordered, as the 
spreader is made to connect with the forward wheels of most farm wagons. 

Full directions for management sent with each machine. 

Believing so thoroughly in the great usefulness of the machine, from personal 
examination, and considering it to the advantage of every farmer in the land to 
have one, we will receive and execute orders for it at manufacturers' prices. Ad- 
dress Agricultural Review Co., No. 32 Park Row, N. Y, or the manufac- 
turers, Syracuse, N. Y, mentioning this publication. 



ADVERTISER. 




ADVERTISER. 



T H E- 



Tournaphone Music Company 




The above cut represents a new musical instrument which must attract the attention of the world. 

Its construction and operation are so simple that a child can comprehend and play it, and yet the 
critical and ingenious artist cannot but admire its novelty its musical effects and beauty. 

Its name is derived from the French ' tourner," to turn, and the Greek "phone,'' 1 a sound — hence 
the suggestive and euphonious word '• Tournaphone.'' 

It is not a "Music Box," with ever-repeating monotonous tunes, nor is it one of the numerous 
progeny of the " Organette; " but it is a complete, full-voiced, delightful musical instrument that will 
render any piece of music, just as it was written, and with such expression, rhythm and power as the 
performer may wish. 

In itself it is a " Thing of Beauty," and an ornament to the parlors of the wealthy, and a comfort 
and luxury in the homes of the millions. 

It brings to every family, and puts in the ears and hearts of the present and coming generations, 
the great music of all time, as well as the popular compositions of the day. 

The company manufacturing these instruments has a LARGE FACTORY IN WORCESTER, 
MASS., with a NEW YORK WAREROOM AT No. 7 WEST 14th STREET. Ample guaranty of its 
standing will be gladly furnished when asked for. 

The Price of a Single Turnaphone with One Piece of Music is $20.00. Special inducements and 
prices will be given to clubs or persons remitting for five or more instruments. 

Any young man, with proper enterprise, Can Reap a Fortune in introducing this wonderful instru- 
ment, for it will sell itself wherever shown. 

Nothing approaching it in perfection, power and sweetness of tone was ever before seen. 

IT IS FULLY WARRANTED in all respects, and will be found to surpass all we say of it. 

A Catalogue of Music, with all desired information, will be sent upon application. 

Address all correspondence to the 

TOURNAPHONE MUSIC 00., Worcester, Mass. 



ADVERTISER. 




& 






and Complete Manufacturing Outfits. 

Pat. Gang Cheese Presses, Self Bandaging Cheese Hoops, Cheese Vats, Patent Creamery 

Vats, Curd Sinks, Curd Mills, Curd Knives, Churns, Butter Workers, Rennet 

and Annatto Jars, Fairbanks' Scales, Cheese Screws and Hoops. 



lire's Patent Self Cutting, Self Agitating and Self Salting Circular Cheese Yat. 

Three Sizes :— 5,000, 8,000, 12,000 pounds of milk respectively. 

PnoF. L. B. Arnold says of the Wire Vat :— " Its introduction must revolutionize the mode of man- 
ufacture and greatly enhance the quality of cheese. I consider it the greatest improvement I have 
ever met with in the art of cheese-making." 



All royalties paid. Inventors and manufacturers of very best Cheese and Butter Apparatus. 
Twin Creamers for Farmers and Factories, winning in all tests. Yields more Cream and Butter 
than any others. Simple, durable, valuable. Acid buttermilk and skim milk saved. CHEESE 
EXTRACT makes finest skim-milk cheese. Artificial Cream. ANNATTOINE, the Standard Cheese 
Coloring. PATENT SEAMLESS BANDAGE— Ready made. No waste. Perfect uniformity in size 
of Cheese. Samples by mail. 



Forty-Six Highest Prizes, three 
Gold Medals at World 's Fairs. Veg- 
etable Oil. Colors the Finest Butter 
made in Europe. Fast superseding 
all other Coloring in America. Does 
not color the Buttermilk. Butter 
beautiful. Greatly enhances value. 



HANSEN'S DANISH LIQUID 

BUTTER COLOR ! 

No Alkali. Dozen bottles and directions Free to Druggists or Dealers. HANSEN'S EXTRACT OF 
RENNET and STANDARD CHEESE COLOR. No Manufacturer or repacker can afford to neglect 
Danish preparations. 

A.HTIPICIAi OltlE-A-IM: OISZEIESE.— Four lbs. of Butter first taken from each 
100 lbs. milk, then adding 1 lb. of table or salad oil to each 100 lbs. of skim milk, and getting as the 
result, 7\ Us. of Cheese. Sample Cheeses sent to the Secretary of the Royal Agricultural Society, 
London, England, calls forth the following from the editor of the London Agricultural Gazette : — 
"That anyone can expect, or even wish, to discourage the introduction into this country of such 
capital food as the American farmers thus offer us, is impossible." London, April 24th, 1882. 



Bradley Butter Boxes, Butter Pails and Butter Trays. 

Six Sizes : — \f z to 10 pounds. 



PRESERVALINE ! 



Patented in Europe, Germany and Amer- 
ica. Approved by practical men for keeping 
Milk, Cream, Buttermilk, Butter, etc., sweet. 
Warranted Harmless, Pure and Cheap. 



PRESEIiVALINE will keep Milk Sweet from 4 to 6 days in hot weather, so that all the Cream can 
be obtained and the Skim Milk still left Swett to make into Cheese or for other uses. 

Patent llotary Cnt Cheese Box Hoops and Jihns. Also, Cheese Box 
Heading, Tacks and Nails. send for illustrated catalogue. 

BURRELL & WHITMAN, Little Falls, N. Y. 



ADVERTISER. 




ADVERTISER 




$\yi$ gjsff 5omp$ ! 



-IN- 



SOUTHERN MINNESOTA 



^tstjd 



p 



ALONG THE LINE OF THE 



WINOXA & ST. PETEli ^AIL^OAD. 



!#~ 1,160,000 Acres of Choice Lands. <Mb 

THESE LANDS ARE OFFERED FOR SALE 

OX LOXG CREDIT WITH A LOW RATE OF INTEREST, 

At Prices Ranging from 



$2.00 to $4.00 per Acre, 

i i 



in Dakota, and 
$3.00 to $6.00 " in Minnesota. 

A few tracts of Land lying near to important Towns, are valued at from $7.00 
t<. 18.00 per Acre. 

12 1-2 3=»©i- Cent. I> is 00 Tint for all Ca.st±±. 

The purchaser of 160 ACRES will be allowed a rebate of the whole amount 
of the fare paid for passage over the C. & N. W. and W. & St. P. Railways. 

EMICtRANTS' movables, 

including househould goods, farm implements and hive stock, also trees and shrubbery, 
will he transported from Chicago, and all the principal points on the lines operated by 
licago and Nblthr Western Railway Company, to places within the limits of these 
lands, at the very Lowest Emigrant Rates. 

Maps of the lands of this Company, and a hand-book or guide, giving description, 
brices, l<>»-:iti..n, and all needful information will be furnished free. 

Call on or Address H. M. BURCHARD. Land Agent of Winona and St. Peter Railroad Company, 
Marshall, Minn., or 

CHAS. E. SIMMONS, 

Land Commissioner, General Offices of the C. and N. "W. R'y Co.* Chicago, I1L 



ADVERTISER. 



Improved Baldwin's American Fodder 4 Ensilage Cut 



tor 



The Only Reliable Ensilage Cutter Manufactured. 




With Patent Safety Balance Wheel, 

C. PIERPONT & CO., Manufacturers, New Haven, Conn., U. S. A. 



r> _ t GE -S rEIlA l i AO-ENTS.-R. H. Allen & Co., 189 and 191 Water St., N. Y ; Jos Breck. & Sons 
Boston Mass ; E. S Bristol & Co., Chicago, I1L ; E. J. & Wm. Lindsay, Milwaukee Wis ■ Sempls^ 
BmaE M'f'o Co., St. Louis, Mo. ; Marcus C. Hawley & Co., San Francisco, Cal. ; Baj£h & HAMi^oTsan 
Francisco, Cal. ; Knape, Burrell & Co., Portland, Oregon. *iamu.ton, 



?n- 



ADVERTISER. 



EWM CO., Racine, Wis., U.SA 




JJU 



W&<S«I3HE >NJlVF&tiYU&I& 




THE OLD RELIABLE MONARCH OF THE ROAD. 



Made in fifty different styles adapted to the wants of farmers and teamsters everywhere. 
MITCHELL is the standard for strength, lightness of draft and durability. 



The 



Freight and Sm 



Wagons. k\\ and Tod hm 



Only 
for a first- 



the choicest stock used, and an experience of fifty years in the business is a safe 
class article. 



guarantee 







SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE AND PRICE LIST 



MITCHELL, LEWIS & CO., Racine, Wisconsin 



ADVERTISER 



Visitors Always Welcome at Houghton Form I 



HOUGHTON FARM, 



MOUNTAINV1LLE. 



ORANGE CO. 




L. YAftBTINE, Prop'r. 

Railroad Station on the 
Farm, on the Short-Cut 
Branch of the Erie, midway 
between Turner's and New- 
burgh. Fifty miles from 
New York. 







NORMAN HORSES. 




JERSEY CATTLE. 




SO'DOWN SHEEP. 




ESSEX SWI NE. 









Agricultural Experiments of Interest always in Progress. Prof. D. P. Penhallow, Botanist 

and Chemist of Experiment Dep't. 

For Saue :— Grandsons of Eurotas, No. 2,454, the greatest of butter cows. These calves out of 

choice imported and selected cows, and sfred by Ramapo, No. 4,W9 ; he by Miletus, No. 3,186, out of 

Eurotas. Address all communications as above. 

HENRY E. ALVORD, General Manager. 



IB. ie\ ib_a_:r:n":e]s, 



OAMPBELLTOWN, 



Wo FLORIDA. 






rr* q 



CO 



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<c 
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xd o5 "o aT2 oosb 

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ADVERTISER. 



ENSILAGE CUTTERS. 

ROSS BIG GIANT AND LITTLE GIANT CUTTERS 



" Specials " for Ensilage, Stock Raisers, 
Dairymen, &c. Are guaranteed superior 
to all others. Immense strength, weight 
and capacity. Will cut two to four 
times as fast as any other. Have the 
Ross Patent Safety Fly Wheels, Exten- 
sible Joints, Convex Gears, Ring Roll- 
ers, etc., etc., the only machine that 
will cut fast and stand the severe work. 
They cut every kind of grass and stalk 
for Ensilage, in a most perfect manner, 
as well as every kind of dry fodder, in- 
cluding the heaviest western corn, hard 
ears, and all cutters in use by all the largest Ensilagists in the United States. 
Send for illustrated circular and list of users and testimonials to 

E. W. ROSS & CO., 

FULTON, N. Y. 

AGRICULTURE IN TEXAS I 






(Embracing 700 Miles of Road in Operation,) 

Its main line running through the centre of the State, from the Northern boundary to 
tide-water connection at Houston, and with branches between Hempstead and Austin 
— the Capital — and from Bremcnd via Waco into Western, Central and Northwestern 
Texas, has upon, and adjacent to its line, upwards of 5,000,000 acres of land of its 
own, and millions of acres of State and other unoccupied lands, which can be pur- 
chased at $1.50 and upwards per acre, according to location and agricultural value. 

Low rates of fare are in effect from all parts of the United States, Canadas and 
Europe. 

C O M C£ AND SEE 7EXAS,:i s personal inspection will prove much more 
satisfactory than any description that can be furnished. 

Be sure that your tickets read via Denison or Houston, thence over the Houston 
and Texas Central Railway to destination. 

For maps and pamphlets descriptive of Texas, address 

F. L. MANCHESTER, Eastern Pass'r Agt, 419 Broadway, New York., 
or C. B. GRAY, Ass't Gen'l Pass'r Agt, 

J. WALDO, Traffic Manager, Houston, Texas. 



ADVERTISER 



Manafuctnrersof a General Line of Agricultural Implements, Plows, Cultivators, 
Horse Hoes, Mowers, Wheel Horse Rakes, Shovels, Hoes, Forks, 

<Sco -, <S»c. 

Branch Offices— 57 Reade Street, New York. 21 South Howard Street, Baltimore, Md. 

Tlie 2SJ"ew Remington Olipper. 




CARBON METAL, No. 12. 

The "NEW REMINGTON CLIPPER" is the "latest thing oat" in Plows. It is a decided practical 
Improvement over every other. The most experienced Plow Maker in this country has been engaged upon 
it, and he has produced the "New Rkmington " by combining the best points of other plows and carefully 
improving them. He has thus perfected a Modd Plow which for all general purposes excels any Plow now 
in use. 

Advantages of the Carbon Metal.— We are not only able to make the Carbon Plow lighter than 
the Chilled Plow, but having no warping to overcome we can make the 'noldboard fit the standards with- 
out the use ot packing, so that when anew moldboard is wanted the farmer will have no difficulty in put- 
ting it on in place of the old one. Every board fits the standard. Those who have had to replace moldboards 
for the Chilled Plow know what a disadvantage they labor under in this respect. 

Every part of the Plow fits its place so perfectly that we can ship the Plows "knocked down," and the 
purchaser will have no trouble in putting them together. 




The New Remington. 



IT HAS NO EQUAL. 

SIMPLE AND DURABLE IN CON- 
STRUCTION. 

DOES ALL KINDS OF WORK. 

Running More Easily and Quietly 
than any Machine made. 



GOOD AGENTS WANTED. 



Address Sewing Machine Department, 

E. Remington & Sons. 

28 I & 283 Broadway, N. Y. 



^""Catalogues and Circulars sent on application. 



ADVERTISER 



HITLER'S SAFES! 



\ 




A SPECIALTY. 



B 
U 
R 
G 

L 
A 
R 



PROOF. 



ms, Vault Doors k Safe Deposit Wobk 



NK AND TIME LOCKS OF ALL KINDS. 



SEND FOR PRICE LIST AND SPECIFICATIONS. 



. H. BUTLER, 291 BROADWAY, N. Y., 



-ESTABLISHED 1850.- 



ieneral Agent for Diebold Safe and Lock Company. 



ADVERTISER 



AMERICAN MEDICINAL HORSE AND CATTLE FOOD. 



THE BEST ARTICLE EVER USED. 



Frees Horses from Colic, Belly- Ache, Coughs, Colds, Bots, Worms, Distemper, 
Dyspepsia, Dropsy or Swollen Legs, Heaves, Pinkeye, Epizootic or Influenza. A 
Sure Cure for Milk Fever and Garget in Cows. A Sure Cure for Hog Cholera, 
Kidney Worms, Chicken Cholera, Gapes, Roup, Fever, Etc. No Saltpetre in it. 
No Resin in it. No Black Antimony in it. No Sulphur in it. No Arsenic in it. 
No Poison in it. A substitute to condition animals without arsenic. 



This Food is a Condition Powder and Food in one, and has been in use 
since 1872. The only article that cured the Epizootic in 1872 and 1880. 

HOW TO USE IT-ONE QUARTER OF A PINT NIGHT AND MORNING. 

6 lb. pack., $1.00; per doz., $9.00. 100 lb., price $10.80. You add 400 lbs. fine feed and 8 lbs. of salt 
236 " -50; . f 4.50: 50 " " 6.00. " 200 " "4 

Small " .25; " 2.50. 25 " " 3.00. " 100 " " 2 

For Stock Farms, in Barrels, 200 lbs. Directions accompany each package, bag or barrel. 
Also, it will make hens lay all eggs nature calls for by mixing it in their food. It warms them. 
The life of millions of chickens can be saved by its being mixed in their feed a few days after being 
hatched, three or four times per week, until they feather. Keeps them free from worms or gapes. 
Where WESTON'S CONDITION POWDER FOOD cannot be purchased, send the price for one or 
more dozen, and it will be shipped to your address freight paid. Wanted — an agent to sell the above 
in every city and town where it cannot be purchased. K3P° For sale by all General Stores and Feed 
Dealers. A discount to agents. Never left on sale. 

'tW Largely used by Adams Express Company and Livery Stables. 

General Depot, 168 BLEBCKER STREET, New York City. 




IttTti* 






*n9fi&?i«4**fa 



Y 



'jfa.tCau* 






**w**«J&3E BMlr 



The above is a correct likeness of one of the Sires used in my BERKSHIRE HERD 
where Stock of the highest breeding and quality are for Sale. ™*nm t ncnu, 

with artl6S desmng to P urchas e are requested to come and see them, or correspond 

ALEX. M. FULFORD, 



Advertise in the Agricultural Review if you wish to reach the 
leading farmers of America and Europe. It circulates among the best 
class of agriculturists and practical men in the world, and is the best 
advertising medium for all kinds of goods used by this class. Objec- 
tionable advertisements are not admitted to its columns. 



To Butter and Cheese Makers. — The new Emulsing Machine for 
making the new process cheese, described in the article on Dairying and 
Dairy Improvements in this Pamphlet, is worthy of your careful inves- 
tigation. 



If you want an Ensilage Cutter, Farm Wagons, Agricultural Imple- 
ments, Machinery, Steam Engines, or anything used on the farm, address 
the Agricultural Review Co., 32 Park Row, New York. 



Read about the improved process for making cheese, described in the 
article on Dairying and Dairy Improvements. 



Buy a Kemp Manure Spreader if you want to do the best work at the 
least expenditure of time and labor. 



If you want the best Agricultural Journal published, subscribe for the 
Agricultural Review. 



ASHTON'S FACTORY FILLED SALT. 

* E 

i— > 

I -:_ '■ . a 

m The most economical, as well as the only safe Salt, to use in « 

I g making Butter and Cheese. It takes about six pounds of Salt \ 

fe 2 to make one hundred pounds of Butter. The use of Ashton's c 

j£ g Salt would not cost to exceed three cents on one hundred % 

£ ?; pounds ot Butter over any of the other brands of Salt. It \ 

I 5 enhances tlie value of Butter from two to five cents per pound. X 

Eg 

:J c One sack of Ashton's Salt will suffice for at least 3,700 pounds 1 

c J of Butter, so it is apparent at once, that for any difference in ; 

H < ... . t 

I ^ price between the brands oi Salt, it is not worth while for the ; 

I 3 farmer or butter maker to use any other kind of Salt than t 

& tf Ashton's Factory Filled. This fact is understood by the ; 

1 P ' : 

¥ h best makers of Butter in the country, and by the merchants ! 

fed.. . , - 

: f- in Dairy products in all markets. If Ashton's Salt enhanced \ 
ft !r c 
<j m the value of Butter only one cent per pound, one sack of it j 

fc w ► 

IP IS would be worth twenty times the price of any other brand. \ 

bh cc The enhanced value of the Butter, in short, would give to a : 

w . . : 

1 g sack of Ashton's Salt a value of thirty-seven dollars over any = 

c $ other brand. J 

For Curing Meat, and for Household purposes, it has no t 

w ^ equal. Address for circular and full information, Francis D. t 

<; a: ————— 

E S M pulton & Co., 127 Water St., New York, Importers and ¥ 

|f § Sole Agents for the United States and Canada, and Importers E 

u m and Dealers in all kinds of Foreign and Domestic Salt. i 

F. J, • t 

^ < Ashton's Factory Filled Salt is put up in One-Bushel and ! 

I Four-Bushel Linen Sacks. 



SECOND YEAR, ! 



The Agricultural Review 

AND JOURNAL OF THE 

American Agricultural Association. 

A Magazine Devoted to Agriculture & Industry. 

Pronounced by -the Press and the Highest Individual Authorities the 
Best Practical Publication Issued. 



Contains Exhaustive Articles on Agricultural Practice and Science 
by the Ablest Writers and Experts of America and Europe. 



Each Issue Worth More than the Price of a Whole 
Year's Subscription. 



-AMONG ITS CONTRIBUTORS ARE- 



Casshjs M. Clay, Dr. E. Lewis Sturtevant, Hon. Edward Atki> 
Di . E. De Lareleye, Sir J. B. Lawes of England, Rear- Admiral Ammen. 

Dr. John A. Warder, Francis D. Moulton, Esq., Col. Geo. E. Ware 

Gen. Francis A. Walker, and others. 



Terms, $3 per Year; Six Copies for $15; Ten Copies for 
$22. 50. Subscriptions sent at once will be good for 
the remainder of this year and for 1863. 



Idress JOS. H. REALL, Editor and Publisher, 
:« PARK ROW, " World Building,*' NEW YORK. 



